Zochitika zanyengo kwambiri monga mafunde otentha, mvula yambiri, kusefukira kwa madzi, komanso kutentha kwambiri monga
chaka chino m'gawo la ku Ulaya la Russia, lidzabwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza, ndipo kutentha kudzakhala koopsa.
Olga Zolina,
Wofufuza Wamkulu, Institute of Oceanology wotchedwa pambuyo pake P.P. Shirshov RAS, m'modzi mwa olemba lipoti lachisanu ndi chimodzi la Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Mndandanda wazinthu zazikulu zomwe zikukhudza mafakitale nyengo ino ziyamba ndi mawu akuti chilala. Pakalipano, tonse tikudziwa kuti vutoli liri ndi njira yothetsera vutoli, yomwe imayesedwa mobwerezabwereza. Kodi chaka chino chidzapereka chilimbikitso kuti apititse patsogolo kukhazikitsidwa kwa matekinoloje a ulimi wothirira ku Russia? Ndipo nchifukwa ninji ndizofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa bizinesi ya mbatata? Tikukambirana nkhanizi ndi Timur Sultanov, Mtsogoleri Wamkulu wa AquaTerra LLC (kampaniyi imagwira ntchito popereka mapampu ndi malo opopera ntchito za ulimi wothirira).
- Timur, nyengo yachilimwe cha 2021 komanso mitengo yokwera ya mbatata ndizinthu ziwiri zomwe, m'malingaliro athu, sizingakhudze kugulitsa zida zothirira mdziko muno. Kodi mukukumana ndi kuchuluka kwa msika chaka chino?
- Zoonadi, kutentha kotereku kumalimbikitsa kwambiri msika, ndipo kupezeka kwa ndalama zaulere kwa opanga ulimi kumafulumizitsa njira yopangira zisankho ndi kukhazikitsa ntchito.
Mu 2006, nditangoyamba kumene kugwira ntchito mu bizinesi iyi, 90% ya alimi ochokera ku Central Russia ndi dera la Volga adavomera kuyika zida zothirira m'minda yawo modabwitsa: ndiye palibe amene adathirira mbatata m'madera awa. Kenako 2010 idabwera ndikutsimikizira kuti kulima mbatata popanda kuthirira ndi bizinesi yowopsa.
Nyengo ino, timalandira malamulo ambiri, koma chitukuko cha ulimi wothirira ku Russia chikulepheretsedwa kwambiri ndi coronavirus. Si chinsinsi kuti mafakitale aku Europe tsopano akugwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono. Vutoli silikukhudza zida zothirira zokha, opanga mathirakitala akulu, mwachitsanzo, akuvomera kale ntchito za 2023 pakadali pano.
Ndi malo opopera, zonse siziri zachisoni, komabe: pakadali pano timayitanitsa ma injini a John Deer a Meyi, a Iveco - a Epulo.
- Asayansi amalosera kuti m’zaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi, nyengo ku Russia idzasintha kwambiri moti ulimi waukulu udzasintha
Kupanga kuchokera ku Krasnodar Territory kudzasunthira ku Siberia. Kodi mukumva kusintha kwa madera a ntchito?
- Mwina sichoncho padziko lonse lapansi. Tikuwona kayendetsedwe ka "kumpoto": tili ndi makasitomala m'dera la Yaroslavl, Suzdal. Koma ulimi wothirira ukupita patsogolo m’dziko lonselo. Mu lililonse, ngakhale mwambo osati otentha kwambiri dera, alimi kumvetsa kuti chilala pa
budding kapena kumapeto kwa maluwa kwambiri amachepetsa khalidwe ndi zokolola za mbatata. Zotayika zimakhala pafupifupi tani imodzi pa hekitala, ndiye kuti, ngati nthawi yopanda mvula imakhala masiku 20, mlimi amataya 20 t / ha. Ndipo sitikunena za khalidwe la chifukwa mbatata tsopano.
- Mukuwona bwanji kukula kwa ulimi wothirira ku Urals ndi Siberia?
- Pakalipano pali ntchito zochepa zomwe zakhazikitsidwa, koma ndikuganiza kuti m'chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri, malamulo adzatuluka kuchokera kumadera a Urals ndi Siberia. Zofunikira zonse pakukula kwa ulimi wothirira zilipo: nyengo ndi yowuma, ndipo pali madzi omwe amatha kugawidwa m'minda. NDI
mfundo yofunika: purosesa yayikulu ya mbatata yabwera kudera lino: chomera cha PepsiCo m'chigawo cha Novosibirsk chikukonzekera kutsegulidwa.
- Ndiko kuti, kukhazikitsidwa kwa processing nthawi yomweyo kumawonjezera chidwi cha ulimi wothirira?
- Bizinesi yokonza imafuna zopangira nthawi zonse, zosokoneza zilizonse ndizofanana ndi kutayika kwakukulu, kulephera kwa mbewu.
padzakhala tsoka: chomeracho sichingakwanitse kutsika, ndipo inshuwaransi yayikulu yolimbana nawo ndi ulimi wothirira.
Komanso, tchipisi mbatata ayenera kukwaniritsa okhwima khalidwe zofunika. Mwanjira ina, minda yonse yomwe ikufuna kugwirizana ndi bizinesiyo imamera mbatata yothirira.
M'chaka chotsatira kapena ziwiri, ntchito yokonzekera ikuyembekezeka ku Russia: mabizinesi angapo akulu amachulukitsa kupanga kuphatikiza zatsopano zimawonekera. Ndipo tikuyembekeza kuti padzakhala ntchito zambiri za ulimi wothirira m'madera onse omwe akhudzidwa.
- Kuwonjezera pa mbatata ndi ndiwo zamasamba, palinso mbewu zina zingapo zomwe zikuthiriridwa masiku ano. Akukhulupirira, mwachitsanzo, kuti forage mbewu kupereka zotsatira zabwino. Kodi mukugwirizana ndi maganizo amenewa?
- Kulima mbewu za forage ndi njira yabwino kwambiri kwa alimi. Chakudya chouma ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino m'misika yakunja. Kuthirira kumakupatsani mwayi wopeza zinthu zochulukirapo komanso zabwinoko, chifukwa chake kufunikira kwake sikungayerekezedwe mopambanitsa. Ndipo m'madera angapo, kuyambitsa ulimi wothirira ndiyo njira yokhayo yotsimikizira kuti mbewuyo ikufunika.
Kumayambiriro kwa autumn, ndinali m'dera la Voronezh, pa chomera chomwe chimapanga nyemba zopanda madzi m'thupi. Kampaniyo imatumiza katundu wake kumayiko ena. Koma chaka chino chomeracho chikuvutika ndi kusowa kwakukulu kwa zipangizo: chifukwa cha chilala, zinali zotheka kupanga zidutswa ziwiri zokha m'malo mwa zisanu zofunika, ndipo chachiwiri ndi chomwe chimatchedwa "misozi". Ngati minda ikanathiriridwa, kampaniyo sakadakumana ndi zovuta zotere.
Osati kale kwambiri, chimanga chinaphatikizidwanso m'gulu la mbewu zothirira ku Russia. Zowona, m'mafamu ambiri izi zidachitikadi
mwangozi: palibe amene anagula zipangizo ulimi wothirira makamaka tirigu, anayamba kuthirira "chifukwa cha kasinthasintha mbewu." Ndipo mwadzidzidzi zinapezeka kuti zikakula pa ulimi wothirira, zokolola za tirigu ndi 100 c / ha pansi pa zikhalidwe za dera la Tula, ndipo popanda kuthirira zinali 30-40 c / ha. Ngati mukukumbukira momwe mitengo yambewu idakwera zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zapitazi, kusiyana kwake ndi kwakukulu.
Ndipo chifukwa cha kuthirira, kuchuluka kwa mbewu zambewu kumakula, udzu umakhalabe pansi, kapangidwe ka dothi kamakhala bwino, ndipo izi zimakhudzanso zokolola - kuphatikiza mbatata ndi ndiwo zamasamba.
- Alimi odziwa bwino adzanena kuti kuthirira sikubweretsa ubwino wokha.
- Kuyambitsa ulimi wothirira sikungogula zida. Popanga projekiti, kwenikweni zonse ziyenera kuganiziridwa: kapangidwe ka dothi
minda, gulu la mbewu mu kasinthasintha wa mbewu, cholinga cha zinthu, ndipo iyi ndi ntchito ya gulu la akatswiri. Mafamu awiri akhoza kukhala mbali ndi mbali,
koma adzafunika mayankho osiyanasiyana. Kumvetsa zimenezi kumathandiza kupewa kulakwitsa zinthu zowononga ndalama zambiri.
- Zida zothirira zawonjezeka kwambiri pamtengo chaka chatha. Mukuona chifukwa chake?
- Sprinklers ndizitsulo zopangira zitsulo, ndipo zitsulo zakwera mtengo kwambiri pamsika wapadziko lonse, ndipo mpaka pano kuwonjezereka kukupitirirabe.
Bungwe la kuthirira limafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mipope yambiri. Mapaipi amapangidwa ndi polyethylene, ndipo mtengo wa polyethylene umadalira mitengo yamafuta (aliyense atha kuwona zomwe zikuchitika pamsika unonso: chuma chapadziko lonse lapansi chikuchira, kukula kwa kupanga sikuyenderana ndi kukula kwakufunika).
- Alimi ambiri m'chigawo chapakati cha Russia, ngakhale mitengo isanakwere, amakhulupirira kuti m'minda yomwe ili ndi mahekitala 100, kukhazikitsidwa kwa ulimi wothirira ndikosangalatsa kopanda chilungamo.
- Iwo akulakwitsa. Mwina samazindikira kuti atha kupeza mbatata yowirikiza kawiri kuchokera ku mahekitala 100 omwewo, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zomwezo komanso kuchuluka kwa feteleza wamchere ndi zinthu zoteteza zomera. Ndipo khalidwe la mbewu adzakhala atatu kapena kanayi bwino.
Malingaliro anga, ngati famu ikugwira ntchito yolima mbatata pamalo okwana mahekitala 50, m'chigawo chilichonse cha dzikolo, iyenera kukhala ndi zida zothirira. Tsopano, ngati tikukamba za mbewu za mbatata, zosankha zina ndizotheka.
Ndipo tisaiwale kuti boma limapereka ndalama zothandizira chitukuko cha ulimi wothirira, m'madera osiyanasiyana chiwerengero cha malipiro ndi chosiyana, koma mulimonse, izi ndizothandiza kwambiri.