Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wobiriwira m'machitidwe olima mbatata - zomwe muyenera kudziwa kuti kubzala kwa manyowa obiriwira kumapindulitsa komanso sikuvulaza chikhalidwe.
Mbewu za manyowa obiriwira ndi nkhani yotchuka kwambiri pakupanga mbewu. Asayansi ndi agronomists m'chilichonse amayesa kuyesa kwakukulu ndi zophimba zosiyanasiyana, kufalitsa zomwe apeza poyera.
Kodi siderates kwa mbatata: ubwino ndi kuipa
Chifukwa chake, malinga ndi kafukufuku wina wa asayansi aku Dutch, red clover asanabzale mbatata adachulukitsa zokolola za tubers kuposa chisakanizo cha oats / nandolo / vetch.
Komabe, clover imatha kudwala verticillary wilt, zomwe ndizowopsa kwa chikhalidwe cha mbatata. Ndipo clover yoyera, monga kalambulabwalo wa mbatata, nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa pa zokolola.
Oats zakutchire kapena oats zakutchire, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mosayembekezereka zidakhala zothandiza mbatata. Kuyesera kwazaka ziwiri kunachitika ku Argentina Oats zakutchire, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza wobiriwira, zidakhudza kwambiri zokolola komanso zochitika za nkhanambo. Zokolola za tubers anali apamwamba, ndi mavuto a nkhanambo pa tizilomboto-inoculated madera anali wochepa.
Soya ndi kalambulabwalo wabwino kwambiri wa mbatata, makamaka m'malo otentha. Soya amalekerera acidity ya nthaka kuposa nyemba zambiri ndipo wagwira ntchito bwino polimbana ndi nkhanambo. Kuipa kwa kulima soya ngati mbewu ndikuti kumatulutsa zotsalira pang'ono motero sikuthandiza kuti nthaka isamalidwe bwino.
Lupine amakonda kwambiri ku Eastern Europe ngati mbewu yovundikira patsogolo pa mbatata.
Zotsatira zake pa zokolola zambiri kumatenga zaka ziwiri mu kasinthasintha. Nyemba za lupine zimakhala ndi zoletsa pa nematodes ndi rhizoctonia ndipo zitha kukhala zosankha zosangalatsa.
M'mayiko ena, rye anali mbewu yotchuka kwambiri ya mbatata, makamaka pa dothi lopepuka. Mosiyana ndi nyemba, rye safuna pH yapamwamba ndipo amapikisana kwambiri ndi namsongole. Ndi imodzi mwazomera zabwino kwambiri zopewera kutulutsa kwa nitrate mu autumn. Rye imalekereranso kwambiri kutentha kwachisanu. Tsoka ilo, rye ndizovuta kupha masika ndipo, tsoka, ndi chomera cha nematodes chomwe chimalimbana ndi mbatata.
Mbewu za kabichi monga mpiru woyera, radish yamafuta ndi rapeseed zili ndi maubwino angapo. Amakula mwachangu, samva kuzizira, ndi ma nitrogen accumulators abwino kwambiri, mbewu zawo ndizotsika mtengo ndipo zimafa m'nyengo yozizira. Kuchepetsa nematodes. Kuphatikiza apo, mpiru umawoneka wothandiza motsutsana ndi nkhanambo ndi rhizoctonia. Chimodzi mwazovuta zomwe zingabwere ndi phytotoxicity mu akasupe ozizira. Mbewu za Cruciferous nthawi zambiri zimachulukitsa zouma za mbewu ya mbatata.
Kodi asayansi amati chiyani? Lingaliro la Katswiriyu
Poganizira manyowa obiriwira a mbatata, zingakhale zothandiza kuwerenga nkhani ya Andrew McGuire, katswiri wa ulimi wothirira mbewu ku yunivesite ya Washington. Wolembayo amatcha manyowa obiriwira kapena feteleza wobiriwira manyowa a mbatata, omwe amagwirizana kwambiri ndi cholinga cha mbewu zovundikira pansi.
“Nyama yobiriwira ndi mbewu yomwe imabzalidwa kenaka n’kuuzika m’nthaka n’kukhala wobiriwira. Mchitidwewu unkagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokonza nthaka komanso kupereka zakudya ku mbewu feteleza wopangira asanapezeke.
Posachedwapa, alimi a mbatata achitanso chidwi ndi luso lakale limeneli, akusankha makamaka manyowa obiriwira kuchokera ku mpiru kuti awonjezere zokolola mwa kukonza chonde cha nthaka.
Komabe, mosiyana ndi phindu lochepa, feteleza wobiriwira wosagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono wakale, feteleza wobiriwira wa mpiru amafunikira chakudya chowonjezera, ukadaulo wina waulimi komanso, nthawi zina, kuthirira.
Amafunikira kumvetsetsa kwamakono kwa chilengedwe cha nthaka, tizilombo towononga nthaka, biochemistry ya zomera, ndi njira zobereketsa ndi zowunikira. Amakhulupirira kuti, mosiyana ndi feteleza wopangira, manyowa obiriwira amatha kusintha mawonekedwe a nthaka, mankhwala komanso zachilengedwe.
Zokolola za wobiriwira mpiru manyowa amadulidwa ndi kusindikizidwa mu kugwa asanadzalemo mbatata.
Maonekedwe a nthaka monga otsetsereka, kulowa kwa madzi, kusunga madzi ndi mpweya wabwino nthawi zambiri amawongoleredwa powonjezera zinthu zachilengedwe m'nthaka, kaya manyowa, manyowa obiriwira, kompositi kapena zotsalira za mbewu. Izi zimabweretsa kukula kwa mizu ikuluikulu, yathanzi, yomwe imathandiza zomera kuthana ndi kupsinjika maganizo.
Makhalidwe achilengedwe a nthaka monga tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, zachilengedwe komanso zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zimathanso kusinthidwa ndi feteleza wobiriwira. Kusintha kumeneku kwa biology ya nthaka kumapereka chilimbikitso chachuma kwakanthawi kochepa kuti tigwiritse ntchito manyowa obiriwira pamachitidwe olima mbatata, makamaka pothana ndi tizirombo tanthaka ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga mafangasi ndi mabakiteriya.
The mankhwala katundu wa nthaka wokometsedwa ndi kuonjezera milingo ya zakudya ndi organic kanthu. Akagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makina ena, manyowa obiriwira amalowa m'malo mwa fumigants okwera mtengo.
Komabe, kukula ndi kutalika kwa zotsatira zopindulitsazi zimadalira zinthu zambiri, monga momwe nthaka imapangidwira, kutentha ndi chinyezi, zaka za zomera ndi mitundu, nyengo, kulima, mitundu ya tizilombo ndi milingo, ndi kasinthasintha wa mbewu. Chifukwa chake, ubwino wa mpiru monga siderat kwa mbatata zimasiyana m'minda.
Mphamvu ya manyowa obiriwira pa tizirombo m'nthaka ndi zotsatira za njira zingapo zolumikizirana zomwe zimagwira ntchito molumikizana movutikira m'nthaka. Chifukwa chake, sizingatheke kunena kuti ndi njira iti yomwe ili yofunika kwambiri kapena momwe aliyense amagwirira ntchito limodzi ndi mnzake - titha kudziwa njira zomwe zingagwire ntchito komanso zofunika pakukulitsa mbatata.
Sevo-board
Mpaka kupita patsogolo kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'nthaka kwakwaniritsidwa, mitundu yambiri ya mbewu zophimba pansi zaphatikizidwa mu kasinthasintha wa mbewu.
Kasinthasintha wa mbewu moyenera kumachepetsa mavuto owononga tizilombo posintha momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira m'munda.
Aliyense tizilombo ali akonzedwa zinthu zimene amakonda. Ngati tizirombo tiloledwa kukhala ndi zomwe timakonda kwa nthawi yayitali, zimachulukana mwachangu ndikubweretsa mavuto.
Nthawi zambiri, kasinthasintha wa mbewu ndi masiku obzala osiyanasiyana (kasupe ndi autumn), mbewu zosiyanasiyana (zakale ndi zosatha; zazitali ndi zazifupi; zokhala ndi ndodo ndi mizu ya fibrous) komanso kutengeka kosiyanasiyana kwa tizirombo (udzu motsutsana ndi udzu wambiri) kumakhala chithandizo chofunikira kubzala. ndi alimi a mbatata kuphatikizapo.
Kuletsa matenda a nthaka
Njira yachiwiri mu mbewu zina zovundikira pansi imatchedwa biological disease kupondereza. Asayansi amaona ngati njira yochepetsera matenda oyambitsidwa ndi nthaka, ngakhale kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tidakali m’nthaka pa matenda amene angakhale oopsa.
Makamaka pa mbatata pa nkhani ya verticillary wilt (Verticillium dahliae) ofufuza anaona kuti manyowa ena obiriŵira (balere, mpiru, mbewu za rapese, udzu wa ku Sudan, ndi chimanga chotsekemera) anaumizidwa m’nthaka asanabzalidwe, kuchuluka kwa ng’ombezo kumachuluka. Verticillium anali otsika ngakhale pamene panali mlingo waukulu wa bowa m'munda.
Manyowa obiriwira ndi gwero la mphamvu za tizilombo topindulitsa. Zimaganiziridwa kuti zamoyo izi zimachoka Verticilliumkuwonjezeka mu chiwerengero.
Kenako, akabzala mbatata, amatha kuchotsa Verticillium kudera lomwe lili pafupi ndi mizu ya mbatata yotchedwa rhizosphere. Apa ndi pokhapo pomwe tizilombo ta verticillium wilt tingapatsire mbewu za mbatata.
Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti njira zina zilipo polimbana ndi mbewu yanu, kuphatikizapo kusokoneza (ogwirizana kuwonjezeka kapena kuchepa chifukwa matalikidwe) wa mankhwala chizindikiro pakati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zomera.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti zotsalira za zomera zouma sizigwira ntchito bwino monga zomera zatsopano. Choncho, phimbani mbewu ndi zophimba pansi zikadali zobiriwira.
Biofumigation
Mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza kasinthasintha wa mbeu kapena manyowa obiriwira pa tizirombo totengera nthaka.
Mbewu monga rapeseed ndi mpiru zili ndi bioactive mankhwala otchedwa glucosinolates.
Munthaka, ma glucosinolate ena mumizu, tsinde ndi masamba amaphwanyidwa kukhala isothiocyanates (ITCs) ndi mankhwala ena.
Isothiocyanates amadziwika kuti amapha kapena kupondereza ma phytopathogens ndi nematodes. Pali mitundu yambiri ya ma glucosinolates omwe amapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ITC yokhala ndi kawopsedwe kosiyanasiyana ku tizirombo tosiyanasiyana.
Methyl ITC ndi mankhwala omwe amagwira ntchito omwe, monga chofukiza wamba, amalepheretsa kukula kwa zowola zoyera, nkhanambo yaufa ndi zowola zapinki. Mayesero akumunda awonetsa zotsatira zosiyanasiyana, ndipo kafukufuku akupitirirabe.
Udzu wa ku Sudanese (kapena manyuchi a ku Sudan) ndi mapira zasonyezedwa kuti zimagwira ntchito polimbana ndi nematodes potulutsa durrin, yomwe, monga ma glucosinolates, imapanga poizoni ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pa dothi - pamenepa hydrogen cyanide (HCN).
Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa glucosinolate kumafika pachimake maluwa ndikukhalabe mpaka mbewu zitayamba kuwuma.
Mchitidwe wamakono ndi wogaya manyowa obiriwira asanawafalitse kuti biofumigants asakanizidwe ndi nthaka. Chida chabwino kwambiri cha izi chikhoza kukhala shredder yothamanga kwambiri. Pomaliza, kupanga kwa ITC kumachuluka pa dothi lonyowa kuposa dothi louma, choncho kuthirirani m'munda mukatha kuthirira ngati n'kotheka.
Njira yoletsa matenda achilengedwe imeneyi imachitika pamene zamoyo zina zimatulutsa mankhwala omwe akhudzana ndi mizu ya zomera ndikuyambitsa chitetezo chachilengedwe cha mmera.
Musanasankhe manyowa obiriwira, fotokozani zolinga
Musanaonjezere mbeu za manyowa obiriwira pa kasinthasintha wanu, muyenera kusankha zomwe mukufuna kukwaniritsa: chepetsani nematode, matenda, udzu wovuta, kapena kuwongolera nthaka.
Mukangoganiza za cholinga chanu choyambirira, muyenera kupanga zisankho zowongolera kuti muwonjezere zomwe zingakufikitseni ku cholinga chimenecho.
Kukhazikitsa zolinga kuyenera kuganizira za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu, dothi ndi tizilombo toononga pafamu yanu, kapenanso dera lililonse lomwe mukulima.
Popeza kuti mitundu ina ya manyowa obiriwira idzakhala yabwinoko nthawi zina, muyenera kufufuza ubwino ndi kuipa kwa mtundu uliwonse wa mbewu ndi kuyesa imene ikuwoneka kuti ingakuyendereni bwino.
Kupambana kapena kulephera kupindula ndi zokolola za nthaka zimatengera zambiri: njira yobzala, tsiku lobzala, kuchuluka kwa mbewu, umuna, kuletsa udzu, njira yobzala ndi nthawi yake. Musanagule mbewu, onetsetsani kuti muli ndi zonse zokhudza mbewu yomwe mwasankha.
Mbewu zochokera pachikuto chapadera zimatha kukhala zokwera mtengo. Komabe, manyowa obiriwira omwe amapangidwa ndi njere zotsika mtengo kwambiri, m'madera ozungulira komanso osathirira pang'ono, nthawi zambiri sapereka zotsatira zogwira mtima, makamaka poyang'anira ma phytopathogens ndi nematodes.
Poganizira za mtengo wa feteleza wobiriwira, ndikofunika kuganizira ubwino wonse. Ngakhale ndizosavuta kuwerengera phindu ngati mutha kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndizovuta kwambiri kuwona mapindu a mawonekedwe adothi kapena mapindu ena anthawi yayitali.
Komanso, kumbukirani kuti ndalama zina zomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito posamalira chivundikiro chanu chapansi zikanatha. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito kwa feteleza - ambiri a iwo amakhalabe m'nthaka kwa mbewu zotsatila.
Ganizirani za nthawi ndi khama lofunika kuti mupeze zotsatira zabwino. Kodi zinthuzi zidzapezeka pamene mukuzifuna? Kodi muli ndi zochita zina m'nyengo ino ya chaka zimene zingakulepheretseni kusamala bwino kukolola kwanu manyowa obiriwira? Mungafunike kugula zida zowonjezera ndikulemba ganyu antchito. "
Werengani mokwanira: https://www.agroxxi.ru/