Vuto la maonekedwe a mbatata mu mbewu za mbewu zina komanso kufunikira kowongolera ngati udzu ndizofanana ndi madera okhala ndi nyengo yozizira, mwachitsanzo, England kapena Holland. Komabe, momwe nyengo ikusintha, ma tubers a mbatata m'zaka zaposachedwa ayamba kuzizira kwambiri m'minda ya Russia.
SERGEY Banadysev, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Doka - Genetic Technologies LLC,
SGC "Doka - Genetic Technologies"
Zikuwoneka kuti masiku ochepa achisanu popanda chivundikiro cha chisanu ndikwanira kuwononga ma tubers omwe ali pamwamba, m'nthaka ma tubers amaundana pa kutentha pansipa -2оC. N'zovuta kulingalira kuti m'nyengo yozizira ya ku Russia yaitali komanso yotentha kwambiri sipangakhale kuzizira kwa nthaka ku kutentha koteroko. Komabe, zowona zimatsimikizira kuphulika kwa ma tubers omwe amamera chaka chamawa ndikukhala namsongole wa mbewu zomwe zimabzalidwa pambuyo pa mbatata (chithunzi 1).
Kafukufuku yemwe anachitika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 70 adawonetsa kuti mutakolola mbatata, mpaka 450 tubers / ha amakhalabe m'munda, pomwe 10-20% pambuyo pa nyengo yozizira imatha kumera, ndipo izi ndizoposa pobzala mbatata. Mbatata (Solanum tuberosum) ndi yovulaza ngati udzu ndipo imachepetsa zokolola za mbewu zambiri ndi 20-60%. Ku Germany, zidapezeka kuti ndi zomera zisanu za mbatata pa 1 mita2 zokolola za shuga beet yafupika ndi 16 t / ha.
Pakufunika mwachangu kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowongolera, kuyang'anira (mwanjira ina, kusamalira) vuto la kuipitsidwa kwa mbatata ku mbewu zaulimi. Mbatata zomwe zimamera mwaulere, udzu wa Solanum tuberosum, sunadziwike mwanjira iliyonse mu sayansi yaku Russia. Palibe ngakhale liwu lofanana, kupangidwa kwa mutu wa tirigu - "scum" - sikumagwirizana ndi zomwe zimaganiziridwa, mosiyana ndi mawu apadera a Chingerezi Volunteer Potato kapena German Kartoffeldurchwuchst, Starkekartoffel. Mbatata za udzu sizimangochepetsa zokolola za mbewu zina, koma mbewu monga kaloti, anyezi ndi ma beets a shuga amatha kupondereza kwathunthu. Imachepetsa kufunikira kwa kasinthasintha wa mbewu za mbatata yolimidwa, chifukwa imatha kupitilira zaka zingapo ndikuwononga kwambiri pakukula kotsatira m'munda wina, chifukwa:
- Ndi gwero ndi accumulator matenda ndi tizirombo. Mu mbatata ya udzu, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, makamaka nkhanambo ya siliva, rhizoctonia, verticillosis, zowola zonyowa, nematodes ndi wireworms zimachulukana, motero zimawonjezera matenda m'munda musanayambe kulima mbatata. Komanso, zomera zongodzipereka ndizoyenera kusonkhanitsa mochedwa choipitsa ndi matenda a virus. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, mankhwala ambiri ophera fungasi m'mbewu zotsatila amakhala ndi kuchepetsa kapena kuletsa matenda a masamba a mbatata.
- Kumatsogolera kusakaniza mitundu nthawi yotsatira mbatata akamakula. Izi ndizoyipa kumadera onse ogwiritsira ntchito mbewu, makamaka ngati mawonekedwe, kukula kwa ma tubers ndi mtundu wa peel ndizofanana, chifukwa chake kulekanitsidwa kwamanja kapena optoelectronic kwa zinyalala za mbatata sikutheka. Popanga mbeu ya mbatata, zotsatira zake zimakhala zowopsa kwambiri ndipo zitha kupangitsa kuti nthiti zidulidwe ngati mbewu zachilendo sizichotsedwa kwathunthu (Chithunzi 2).
Kuti tikwaniritse bwino kuwongolera zinyalala mbatata, ndikofunikira kudziwa mbali zazikulu za biology yake. Mwachizoloŵezi, ma tubers a mbatata amafa atalandira chisanu chofanana ndi maola 50 pa -2 ° C kapena pansi. Pa kutentha uku, imfa imapezeka pambuyo pa maola 25, pa -10оKuyambira 5 hours. Zochita zikuwonetsa kuti mitundu ina ya mbatata imakhala ndi kukana kutentha kochepa ndipo imafa kokha pa -3-4оC, koma zambiri za mitundu sizimasindikizidwa. Udzu mbatata mbande kuoneka anatambasula, malinga ndi kuya masungidwe andalama wa tubers ndi kutentha kwa nthaka. Ma tubers amamera kuchokera kukuya kwa masentimita 20 patatha masiku 10 kusiyana ndi kuya kwa masentimita 10. Mbatata imadutsa pamtunda kuchokera kukuya kwa masentimita 30, choncho n'zotheka kuwunika bwinobwino momwe zinthu zilili pakatha miyezi 2-3 (chithunzi). 3).
Pa mbewu zomwe zimakula kwambiri pamasamba, mbande za udzu zimawonekera pambuyo pake chifukwa cha kutentha kwa dothi pamithunzi. Muzomera zopikisana monga chimanga, ma crucifers, mbewu iliyonse ya mbatata imatulutsa mpaka ma tubers aakazi atatu, osapitilira 1 mpaka 3 cm m'mimba mwake. Mu mbewu zochepa zopikisana, monga kabichi ndi anyezi, ma tubers amakula ndipo amakhala okulirapo.
Mwana wamkazi wa tubers amapangidwa mozama mofanana ndi ma tubers. Mbewu za mbatata za botaniki zimathanso kukhala zoyambitsa matenda.
Mitundu ina, mwachitsanzo, Gala, imasiyanitsidwa ndi kupanga mabulosi ambiri ndikusiya mbewu mamiliyoni angapo pa hekitala (chithunzi 4,5).
Komanso, izi si njere zamitundumitundu, monga momwe anthu ambiri amakhulupirira m'malo osasangalatsa, koma zotsatira za kuphatikizika kwa mungu ndi kuphatikizika kwa majini. Mbewu iliyonse ndi mtundu watsopano komanso wapadera; mbewu zambiri zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kusinthasintha kwawo malinga ndi momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira. Mbewu za mbatata za Botanical zimakhalabe zogwira ntchito kwa zaka 3-9.
Zomera zochokera ku njere zimakhala zofooka ndipo zimafa ndi 99%. Koma pokhala ndi chinyezi chokhazikika komanso kukhalapo kwa kuwala, amatha kupanga tuber yaying'ono, yomwe ana ake adzakhala kale (chithunzi 6,7,8).
Ndipo chinthu chinanso - kuchuluka kwa chakudya mu tuber ya amayi kumalola kuti mbewu zikule ndikupatsanso ana pambuyo kudulira, chisanu, kuwonongeka kwa matalala, kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata, choipitsa mochedwa, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, etc.
Kuwongolera moyenera vuto la mbatata za zinyalala kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowongolera nyengo, zodzitetezera, zamoyo, zaulimi ndi mankhwala. Ku Netherlands, njira yoyendetsera ntchito imagwiritsidwanso ntchito: kupereka chindapusa kwa alimi ngati pali mayunitsi opitilira 2 / mXNUMX.2 mbatata mu mbewu za mbewu zina pambuyo pa Julayi 1.
Njira yanyengo ndewu ndi ya anthu osalamulirika. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zanthawi yayitali, nyengo ya Russian Federation imatsimikizira kuwonongedwa kwa ma tubers otsalira m'munda m'nyengo yozizira, kuya kwa kuzizira kwa nthaka komanso kutentha kwatsiku ndi tsiku kwa miyezi yozizira ndikokwanira kuwononga ma cell a tuber. . Zomwe zachitika m'zaka zaposachedwa zimafotokozedwa ndi kugwa kwa chipale chofewa pamtunda wosazizira, chifukwa cha izi, ma tubers otsalira pakuya kwambiri amapulumuka bwino m'nyengo yozizira, pokhala pakati pa zinyalala za zomera kapena miyala, mu nthaka youma. Zotsalira za biomass ndi zomera, chivundikiro chokhazikika komanso chachikulu cha chipale chofewa chimapereka chitetezo chokwanira komanso kuchepetsa kwambiri kuzama kwa chisanu. High nthaka chinyezi Iyamba Kuthamanga imfa ya tubers, popeza tuber lenticulars lotseguka, pamene ntchito zambiri putrefactive wothandizila si kuwonongeka ndi otsika mpweya okhutira. Kuwonongeka kwa ma tubers otsala m'munda mutakolola kumawonjezera kuwonongeka kwa ma tubers ndi kutentha kochepa komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Njira zothandizira cholinga kuchepetsa imfa ya mbatata pambuyo kukolola.
Choyambirira ndikusankha malo oyenera kulima mbatata kuti zitsimikizire kuti mbewuzo zikule mofanana momwe zingathere. Kulima dothi lakucha kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mikwingwirima, kufunikira kolekanitsa komwe kumabweretsa kugwiritsa ntchito ma conveyors ndi chilolezo chowonjezereka pa okolola ophatikizana, motero, kuwonjezereka kwa kuwonongeka kwa mbatata. Ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito chobzala chokhazikika kuti mbewu zonse za m'munda zikule mofanana. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chiwerengero cha mbatata yaing'ono ndi zotayika zimachepetsedwa. Pankhani ya kubzala zinthu zosawerengeka, zina mwazomera zimatsalira m'mbuyo pakukula ndikupanga ma tubers ang'onoang'ono, omwe amakhalabe m'munda. Ndikofunikira kukwaniritsa kutseka kwa nsonga mumipata mwachangu momwe mungathere, chivundikiro chotetezera chomwe, makamaka nthawi yamvula, chimachepetsa kutuluka kwa nthunzi wosabala ndikutsutsa kutenthedwa kwa zitunda ndi ma tubers panthawi yotentha. Masiku angapo ndi kutentha kwa nthaka pamwamba pa 27 ° C chifukwa chachiwiri tuber mapangidwe kapena kumera mkombero. Machubu omwe amapangidwa mochedwa samakula chifukwa cha nyengo yaufupi kwambiri ndipo amawonongeka pang'ono panthawi yokolola.
Ntchito yowonetsetsa kukula kwa ma tubers imachitidwanso ndi chitetezo cha zomera. Kuwonongeka koyambirira ndi choipitsa mochedwa sikungobweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mbewu, komanso kumalepheretsa ma tubers kuti achuluke, ndipo ma tubers ang'onoang'ono nthawi zambiri amatayika panthawi yokolola. Kukonzekera bwino kwa zinthu zobzala kumachepetsa kukula kwa matenda a rhizoctonia, chimodzi mwazotsatira zake ndikuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa ma tubers ang'onoang'ono.
Kawirikawiri, kuti ziume mlengalenga mbali ya mbatata zomera ndi imathandizira kusasitsa wa tubers, ndi zokwanira desiccate, makamaka kawiri. Kwa mitundu yokhala ndi nsonga zamphamvu komanso kukhazikika kodalirika kwa ma tubers kupita ku stolons, m'pofunika kuphatikiza desiccation ndi makina akupera a misa pamwamba. Ngati izi sizichitika, ndiye kuti kuchuluka kwa zimayambira kudzalepheretsa kulekanitsa kwa nthaka ndi ma tubers, ena mwa ma tubers akuluakulu, pamodzi ndi nsonga, adzakhalabe pamunda.
Koma "gwero" lalikulu la kutayika kwa ma tubers (ndipo, pambuyo pake, maonekedwe a mbatata) ayenera kudziwika ngati wokolola mbatata. Ubwino wa ntchito yake pankhaniyi zimadalira, kumbali imodzi, pamikhalidwe yogwiritsiridwa ntchito, yomwe imakhudzidwa makamaka ndi chikhalidwe chaulimi ndi mawonekedwe aukadaulo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito - kuchokera kumunda mpaka pamlingo wa udzu musanakolole komanso mtundu wake. wa desiccation. Kumbali ina, kusintha kwabwino kwa makina ndi kusintha kwa nyengo yokolola m'munda wina ndikofunikira. Zinthu zochepetsera kutayika kwa ma tubers ndizofunikanso:
- kuya kwa ntchito kwa otsegula ayenera kukhala pansi pa ma tubers akuya;
- m'lifupi mwa njira yolandirirayo kuyenera kufanana ndi kukula kwa mizere yotalikirana;
- imfa ya tubers pa kulanda dothi kuchokera coulters woyamba sieving conveyor sayenera kuphatikizidwa, makamaka m'dera pakati kope ng'oma ndi kudula zimbale;
- kusankha kwa kusiyana pakati pa slats wa conveyors sieving ayenera kuchitidwa poganizira kukula kwa tubers ndi apezeka;
- zida zolekanitsira udzu ndi zonyansa zonyamula katundu ziyenera kusinthidwa;
- kusiyana pakati pa mipukutu ya baffle ndi malamba otumizira ayenera kusungidwa pamlingo wa tuber yaying'ono kwambiri.
Izi sizigwirizana nthawi zonse ndi zolinga zina zokolola bwino, monga zokolola zambiri komanso kuvulala kochepa kwa tuber. Mwachitsanzo, lalikulu kukumba kuya pa miyala kapena katundu dothi disproportionately kumawonjezera chiwerengero cha zosafunika, choncho katundu pa kulekanitsa zipangizo, ndi kumaonjezera ngozi ya kuwononga tubers. Kusamala koyenera kumafunika posankha malo olowera pamasefa, chifukwa katayanidwe kakang'ono pakati pa tizitsulo tambiri timene timakhala ndi chinyezi chambiri kumabweretsa kutsika kowunika komanso kuchepa kwakukulu kwa zokolola. Nthawi zambiri, kufunikira kwa njira zodzitetezera zomwe zalembedwa nthawi zina kumachepetsedwa mpaka ziro ngati bizinesiyo ipanga, pazifukwa zingapo, kusankha kuchoka pamunda, mwachitsanzo, mbewu yonse ya kachigawo 50-.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda Kulimbana ndi zofunikira zachiwiri pakuwongolera vuto la udzu wa Solanum tuberosum.
Mbewu zofesedwa zolimba zimawonedwa ngati zankhanza kwambiri, koma zikamakula, mbatata zimakhalanso ndi nthawi yokhwima bwino (chithunzi 9).
Mbewu zodulidwa mosiyanasiyana kapena msipu ndi njira yopondereza kwambiri, koma mbewu zotere sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri posinthana ndi mbatata. Kulima ndi masamba mbewu poyera pansi musati kusokoneza kukula ndi chitukuko cha mbatata. Amatha kupanga mbewu yatsopano ngakhale muzomera zamphamvu zobiriwira zamtundu wa cruciferous (chithunzi 10). Chifukwa chake, kusankha mbewu pothana ndi vuto la mbatata ya zinyalala ndikofunikira kuphatikiza ndikugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu.
Chiyembekezo chakuti mbatata, zosiyidwa zokha ndi kulandidwa dongosolo lachitetezo, sizoyenera, zidzakhala zosavuta zamoyo zamoyo za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda - tizirombo ndi matenda. Kumera kwa nthawi yaitali komanso kukhala yekhayekha kumathandiza kuti apulumuke. Monga chodabwitsa, ndikofunikira kuwunika kuti palibe kuwonongeka kwa mbewu za mbatata za udzu mochedwa choipitsa ndi Colorado mbatata kachilomboka mu 2019 m'nyengo yozizira mbewu za tirigu koyambirira kwa Ogasiti, patatha milungu itatu yamvula (chithunzi 11).
Njira za Agrotechnical ndizofanana kwambiri ndi zopewera potsata kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mbatata. Chofunika kwambiri ndikulima mozama mukatha kukolola mbatata. Against maziko a kuwonjezeka kuvulaza udzu, kumvetsa kufunika kusiya kulima kuti kusiya tubers kumtunda nthaka wosanjikiza, kumene iwo anawonongedwa ndi chisanu, mwamsanga unakhazikitsidwa. Pankhani ya vutoli, ogwira ntchito kwambiri ndi ma disks a mizere iwiri ndi olima mano. Ma tubers omwe amasiyidwa pamtunda ndi kuwonongeka pang'ono amatha kudwala komanso kuwola, makamaka m'madera otentha. Kuyika mozama kumalimbikitsa kumera kofulumira ndipo kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zogwira mtima kuthira mankhwala ophera udzu mosalekeza kapena olima ocheperako musanabzale mbewu zotsatira.
Kupalira m'manja kumakhalabe njira yotetezeka komanso yothandiza kwambiri yothanirana ndi vuto la mbatata ya zinyalala, koma itha kulimbikitsidwa m'malo ang'onoang'ono chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ntchito.
Mukakulitsa mbewu za mzere, mbatata zotayira zitha kuwongoleredwa ndi kulima mobwerezabwereza (ngati osaganizira za mbewu zomwe zili m'mizere ya mbewu). Sikovuta kuthetseratu mbatata za zinyalala ndi kudulira m'munda wobiriwira. Kulima zinayi pamtunda wa 10-15 cm (osapitirira masamba 6-8) ndikokwanira kuthetseratu zomera ndikuletsa mapangidwe atsopano. Komabe, munda wolima pambuyo pa mbatata ndi njira yowononga nthaka, imalimbikitsidwa pokhapokha pazovuta kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, nyengo yozizira itatha ndi kasinthasintha pang'ono pakupanga mbewu.
Kuwongolera mankhwala Mbatata ya udzu imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zoletsa kumera, zofukizira m'nthaka, mankhwala ophera udzu mosalekeza, kukonza dothi ndi masamba. Zoletsa kukula kwa zomera zokhala ndi d.v. Maleic hydrazide (Fazor), ikagwiritsidwa ntchito ku zomera zobiriwira, pafupifupi milungu iwiri kapena itatu itatha maluwa, imatengedwa ndi masamba ndikusamutsidwa mu tubers, kuteteza kumera kwawo ndi 70-80%. Fumigants dothi kukwaniritsa cholinga chomwecho osati mochepa mogwira mtima (koma palibe kuvomereza kukonzekera mu Russian Federation).
Mankhwala ophera udzu amatha kuwonongeratu mbatata ya udzu pokhapokha kuphatikiza komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza. Kupezeka kwa michere mu tuber mama kumathandizira kuti mbewu zibwererenso ku mlingo wa mankhwala ophera udzu omwe amapha udzu wina. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchedwa kwa mbatata muzomera zambiri kumapangitsa kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mankhwala a herbicides kukhala kosavomerezeka chifukwa mbewu zayamba kale kulandira chithandizo. Chifukwa chake, ngati mankhwala ophera udzu agwiritsidwa ntchito ku mbewu yayikulu munthawi yake, ndiye kuti zotsatira za chithandizo sizikhudza gawo la mbewu za mbatata: pofika nthawiyi sizimamera. Chifukwa chake, mankhwala ophera udzu asanamenyedwe nthawi zambiri amakhala osakwanira kuwongolera mbatata zodzifunira. Mbatata imagonjetsedwa ndi mankhwala ambiri ophera udzu.
Sizomveka kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polima mbatata (metribuzin, rim-sulfuron, etc.). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pali zambiri zachilendo zachilendo kuti zinthu zina zogwira ntchito zimagwira ntchito polimbana ndi udzu wa mbatata, ngati zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chiyambi cha tuberization (kuyambitsa tubers). Ngati mankhwalawa agwiritsidwa ntchito kale (tuber isanayambike), tuber ya mayiyo imatha kumeranso. Kugwiritsa ntchito herbicide mochedwa kuposa kumayambiriro kwa tuberization sikungalepheretse kupangika kwa ma tubers.
Mankhwala ophera udzu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mbewu zina amathanso kuloledwa kugwira ntchito zina. Kulekerera kwambiri kumatanthauza kupondereza, osati kuwongolera mbatata zonse. Ndikofunikira kuganizira zambiri za zotsatira za a.c. pa mbewu zina za kasinthasintha wa mbeu, makamaka pa mbatata yobzalidwa kapena masamba.
Pomaliza, ziyenera kutsindika kuti mbatata ngati udzu ikukhala vuto lalikulu kwa mbatata yolimidwa ndi ena omwe akuchita nawo kasinthasintha wa mbewu. Masiku ano ndizovuta kupewa kufalikira kwa mbatata mu mbewu, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito njira zonse zopondereza komanso zowongolera.