Malo: 53 sq. km
Anthu: Anthu 3, omwe 183% ndi okhala m'tauni.
Malo: ndi gawo la Volga Federal District; ndi malire kumadzulo ndi Saratov ndi Ulyanovsk zigawo, kum'mwera chakum'mawa ndi Orenburg dera, kumpoto ndi Republic of Tatarstan, kumwera ndi Kazakhstan.
Nyengo: kontinenti yotentha, kuposa theka la chaka chamtundu wa anticyclonic wanyengo umakhalapo. Kutentha kwapakati pamwezi mu Julayi ndi + 21 ° С, mu Januware - 14 ° С. Nyengo ya m’derali imadziwika ndi nyengo yachisanu yaitali yokhala ndi matalala ochepa, akasupe amfupi, chilimwe chotentha ndi chowuma, ndi m’dzinja lalifupi. Dera la derali ndi la zone ya chinyezi chosakwanira. Kuchuluka kwamvula kumachitika mu June ndi July.
Mpumulo: Mitsinje ya Volga ndi Samara imagawaniza gawo la derali m'magawo atatu: Banki Yamanja, Kumpoto ndi Kumwera Kumanzere. Malo ambiri (91,2%) ali ku Left Bank. Malo osungiramo madzi a Kuibyshev ndi Saratov ali m'derali. Ambiri, dera ali lathyathyathya, mpumulo wosalala, yabwino kwa chitukuko cha ulimi.
Nthaka m'deralo amadziwika ndi heterogeneity kwambiri. Chivundikiro cha dothi cha nkhalango-steppe zone imayimiridwa makamaka ndi leached ndi ma chernozems, pakati pawo, madera ofunikira amakhala ndi dothi lotsalira-calcareous. Dothi la steppe zone limayimiridwa makamaka ndi ma chernozems wamba ndi akumwera, nthawi zambiri ndi dothi lakuda la chestnut, solonetzes ndi zovuta zawo. Dothi lochuluka la derali (mpaka 80%) lili ndi dothi ladongo komanso lolemera kwambiri.
Malo azaulimi: 3 387 mahekitala zikwi.
ZINTHU ZAMAKONO PA INDUSTRY. VUTO NDI ZOCHITIKA
Dera la Samara lili ndi malo apadera m'mbiri ya kulima mbatata zamakono zaku Russia. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zomwe kusintha kwa mafakitale kunayambira ku Russia m'zaka za m'ma 90s za XX atumwi: kusintha kwa mbatata yopangidwa bwino kwambiri.
Masiku ano, alimi a mbatata ku Samara ali ndi chonyadira: ali ndi zaka zambiri pakupanga mbewu zapamwamba kwambiri ndi mbatata, derali limakhala limodzi mwamalo otsogola ku Russia pankhani ya zokolola za mbatata (kumapeto kwa 2018, zokolola zapakati zinali 295 c / ha).
Komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwa, malo omwe amalima (ndipo chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa mbatata) kwa mbatata m'derali kwacheperachepera. Malinga ndi Unduna wa Zaulimi ndi Chakudya m'chigawo cha Samara, mu 2018, mbatata idabzalidwa m'derali pamalo okwana mahekitala 4,4 (poyerekeza, mu 2012, mahekitala 7,2 adaperekedwa kwa mbewuyi). M'magulu onse a minda ya mbatata, matani 274,4 adakololedwa (90,6% mpaka 2017).
Zifukwa zazikulu zakusokonekera kwa chidwi cha omwe akulima muzomera ndizomveka kwa alimi onse a mbatata aku Russia: mitengo yotsika mtengo yazinthu zomwe zakhala zikupitilira kwa zaka zingapo, ndikuwonjezera mtengo wakukula pachaka.
Oleg Vinogradov, mkulu wa bungwe la Union of Potato Growers of the Samara Region, anati: “Mafamu amakakamizika kugulitsa mbatata pamitengo yofanana ndi ya zaka khumi zapitazo, koma panthawiyo kunali mitengo yosiyana kwambiri ya feteleza, zinthu zoteteza zomera. , mbewu, mafuta ... "
Malinga ndi kuwerengera kwa akatswiri a Union of Potato Growers, mtengo wopangira mbatata pa 250-300 rubles / ha ndi zokolola za 24 t / ha (pagawo logulitsidwa), mtengo wakukula ndi 10,4-12,5 ma ruble / kg, ndipo mtengo wogula mbatata pafupifupi sudutsa ma ruble 8,2 / kg, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbatata ikhale yopanda phindu kwa opanga ambiri.
Thandizo la boma kwa alimi a mbatata latsika kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa. Ngati mu 2012 opanga mbatata adalipidwa pamtengo wogula feteleza wamchere, zinthu zoteteza zomera ndi ulimi wothirira, ndiye kuti mu 2019 kupanga mbatata sikuphatikizidwanso mu chithandizo "chosagwirizana".
Kuchokera pamndandanda womwe ulipo wa njira zothandizira boma, alimi a mbatata angangoyembekeza kulandira ngongole zaposachedwa komanso chipukuta misozi pogula mbewu zapamwamba.
Pamndandanda wamavuto am'mafamu a Samara, Oleg Vinogradov akuwonetsa padera kuyanjana ndi ma network a federal, omwe ndi omwe amagula kwambiri mbatata.
“Wopanga aliyense,” akutero mkulu wa bungwe la Union of Potato Growers, “amafuna kupeza mtengo wabwino wa mankhwala ake. Koma nthawi zonse amakakamizika kuchotsa ndalama zake ndalama zolowera ndi kubweza, kubweza ndalama zotsatsa, ndi zina. Ndizovuta kwambiri kukhala ndi moyo mumikhalidwe yotere ”.
Kuphatikiza apo, kwa chaka chachiwiri, alimi a mbatata am'derali akudziwa bwino za mpikisano wochokera kwa omwe akupanga mbatata zoyambilira: kubweretsa mbatata zatsopano kumayamba kumayambiriro kwa masika, panthawiyi derali likadali ndi zinthu zake zapamwamba kwambiri. . Mbali yaikulu ya mbatata ya m'deralo idakalipobe. Malinga ndi Union of Potato Growers, kuyambira pa Epulo 1, 2019, matani 11150 a mbatata adatsalira m'malo osungiramo minda m'chigawo cha Samara.
Zoonadi, udindo woterewu m'makampaniwa umabweretsa kutayika kwa maudindo omwe derali lidagwira pazaka 20 zapitazi.
Kumbali ina, monga wapampando wa Union of mbatata alimi a m'chigawo cha Samara, mkulu wa kampani ya mbewu "Molyanov Agro Group" Vladimir Molyanov akutsindika, zomwe zikuchitika pano sizingaganizidwe ngati zachilendo m'derali komanso dziko lonse lapansi. chonse. “Aka sikanali koyamba kuti alimi a mbatata am’derali akumane ndi mavuto,” akutero. - Tidapulumuka chilala cha 2010, kutsika kwamitengo mu 2015 yokolola mopitilira muyeso. M'zaka zovuta zimenezo, minda inapulumuka, yomwe inaphunzira kupanga mankhwala opanda ndalama zochepa. Zikugwirabe ntchito panopo. "
Gawo lachiwiri panjira yopambana, malinga ndi Molyanov, liyenera kukhala ntchito pazogulitsa: "Kwa zaka pafupifupi 30 zakukula kwambiri kwa mbatata zomwe zikukula m'derali, aphunzira kukula kwambiri. Zimatsalira kuti tikwaniritse mgwirizano pakati pa kuchuluka ndi mtundu. "
Wapampando wa Union of Potato Growers akuti nkhani yolimbana ndi khalidwe ili yochuluka. Pano tikhoza kulankhulanso za kufunika koyambitsa mitundu yamakono yoyenera kutsuka ndi kuyika; ndi kufunikira kwa chitukuko cha kukonzanso nthaka, ndi kutsatiridwa kovomerezeka kwa malamulo a kasinthasintha wa mbewu ndi zina zambiri.
“Munthu angadandaule kuti ma ruble khumi pa kilogalamu imodzi ndi mtengo wotsika,” akutero Vladimir Molyanov, “koma tikapenda zimene zinachitikira ku Ulaya, timamvetsetsa kuti mlimi wa kumeneko amapeza ndalama zochuluka chonchi pa zokolola zake. Ndikofunikira kuphunzira kukhala m'mikhalidwe imeneyi, kuganizira zoopsa zonse, kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wonse wopulumutsa, osati kubzala "mwachisawawa", ndi chiyembekezo chakuti kwinakwake oyandikana nawo sadzauka, kuzizira, kufa. Izi ndizovuta, koma njira yokhayo yotheka. Otsalawo sangathe kupulumuka mpikisanowu. "
Mtsogoleri wa Union of Potato Growers m'derali akuganiza zodziyendetsa panjira yopita kumafamu odziwika bwino m'derali: "Tili ndi mabizinesi omwe achita bwino kwambiri kulima mbatata, koma sayima pa malo omwe adapambana. . Famu yaulimi "Tsirulev", mwachitsanzo, chaka chilichonse imayambitsa mitundu yatsopano, luso laukadaulo. Iyi ndi ntchito yambiri, koma popanda izo sipadzakhala zotsatira. "
Kusankha ndi KUGWIRA
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 90, zokolola za mbatata m'minda ya Samara zinali pamlingo wa 60-70 c / ha. Panthawiyi, mbatata zotumizidwa kunja zidayamba kufika m'derali (makamaka za kuswana ku Germany: m'modzi mwa omwe adapereka koyamba anali gawo la Germany la nkhawa ya Solana). M'minda yomwe mbatata zakunja zidakulitsidwa, zokolola zidafika zomwe sizinachitikepo ndiye 330 c / ha.
M'kupita kwa nthawi, gawo la mbewu zamitundu yotumizidwa kunja zidayamba kupangidwa kale kudera la Samara. Akatswiri akunja samangoyang'anira kukula, komanso adagwira ntchito molimbika pakuyesa ndikusankha mizere yatsopano yodutsana, ndikupeza zotsatira zosangalatsa. Apa ndipamene miyambo idayikidwa, chifukwa chake derali likadali ndi chikhalidwe cha ulimi wambewu. Chaka chilichonse, pafupifupi matani 10 a mbewu zambatata zobereketsa kwambiri zimagulitsidwa kunja kwa dera la Samara.
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90, chifukwa cha chidwi chambiri pazachikhalidwe, kusankha ndi kupanga mbewu za mbatata, adayamba kuchita nawo masukulu asayansi amderali, omwe m'mbuyomu anali akuyang'ana kwambiri tirigu ndi chimanga, chikhalidwe cha derali. Chifukwa chake, akatswiri a Samara Research Institute of Agriculture apanga mitundu itatu ya mbatata yomwe ili mu State Register of Breeding Achievements: Samara (2002), Zhigulevsky (2006) ndi Bezenchuksky (2016).
Masiku ano, Samara Research Institute of Agriculture ikupitilizabe ntchito yoweta ndi kupanga mbewu za mbatata: pulogalamu yapangidwa kuti ipititse patsogolo kubereka komanso kuyambitsa mbewu zathanzi, zopanda ma virus, viroid, fungal ndi matenda ena pogwiritsa ntchito njira za biotechnological, banki. Mitundu ya mbatata yathanzi yomwe imagwirizana kwambiri ndi nyengo yanyengo ya dera la Samara idapangidwa.
Kukulitsanso mbewu za anthu osankhika apamwamba, osankhika komanso kubereka koyamba kumapangidwa m'mabizinesi apadera olima mbewu m'derali.
FSBSI "Samara Research Institute of Agriculture" (pamodzi ndi Samara Agrarian University, LLC "Agrostar" ndi mabizinesi atatu ambewu) ndi membala wa Federal Scientific and Technical Program for Development of Agriculture for 2017-2025. - pulojekiti yayikulu yasayansi ndiukadaulo "Kukula kwa kuswana mbatata ndi kupanga mbewu m'chigawo cha Samara", yomwe idathandizidwa ndi Unduna wa Zaulimi ndi Chakudya m'chigawo cha Samara. Ntchito zazikulu za polojekitiyi ndikupanga mitundu yatsopano yokhala ndi zokolola zambiri, kupanga zinthu zogwira ntchito bwino zamoyo komanso kukonza kwa mbatata yambewu. Pofika 2025, ntchitoyi ikuyembekezeka kupanga mitundu inayi yatsopano ya mbatata.
KUSINTHA
Masiku ano m'chigawo cha Samara mulibe bizinesi imodzi yayikulu yopangira mbatata mozama, ngakhale funso loti atsegule zopanga zotere m'gulu la akatswiri ladzutsidwa kangapo. Chiyembekezo chopanga tchipisi, ma fries aku France, wowuma wa mbatata wosinthidwa adaganiziridwa. Kuchokera kumalingaliro a akatswiri amakampani, ndi wowuma omwe akufunika kwambiri pamsika masiku ano. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kumakula chaka ndi chaka, koma m'dziko lathu sikumapangidwa.
Komabe, malinga ndi Vladimir Molyanov, nkhaniyi ikufunika kuphunzira mosamala kwambiri. "Ndikofunikira osati kungomanga chomera," mkulu wa Union of Potato Growers akufotokoza udindo wake, "koma kukhazikitsa zopanga, ndalama zomwe zidzapindule, ndipo mkati mwa nthawi yomwe timamvetsetsa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ndikofunikira kuwunika kuchuluka kwa msika, kuzindikira omwe angapikisane nawo (kuphatikiza omwe akungokonzekera kutsegulira), kuwerengera ndalama zogulira ... ndikupeza wogulitsa ndalama ngati polojekitiyo imadziwika kuti ndi yopindulitsa kuderali. " Chifukwa cha ndalama zomwe zingatheke, iyi sikhala ntchito yosavuta kukwaniritsa.
reclamation wa
Pafupifupi mbatata zonse za Samara (mpaka 99%) zomwe zimapangidwa m'mafakitale am'derali zimakula pa ulimi wothirira. Komabe, mpaka posachedwapa, dera la Samara silinali limodzi mwa madera kumene chitukuko cha kubwezeretsedwa kwa nthaka chimaonedwa kuti ndicho chikhalidwe chachikulu choonjezera zokolola ndikuwonjezera phindu la ulimi, ndipo motero, mphamvu zonse ndi chuma zimaponyedwa mu chitukuko cha ulimi. njira iyi.
"Mwinamwake, mfundo yonse ndi yakuti dera lathu lili m'malire a malo owuma, tili ndi mbewu (mbewu, mwachitsanzo) zomwe zingathe kuchita popanda ulimi wothirira," akufotokoza Vladimir Molyanov. "M'madera omwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuganiza kuti chinachake chingakule popanda madzi, maganizo okhudza kubwezeretsa nthaka ndi osiyana kwambiri."
Koma zinthu zikusintha pang’onopang’ono. Kukula kwa kubwezeredwa kwa nthaka kumadziwika ngati chochitika chachikulu cha gawo lachigawo cha projekiti ya feduro "Export of Agriculture Products", mkati mwazomwe mu 2019-2021 agro-industrial complex m'derali akuyenera kuwonetsa zoposa 4,8 mahekitala zikwi za nthaka yothirira. Pazifukwa izi, akuyenera kupereka thandizo ku bajeti ya dera la Samara mu kuchuluka kwa ma ruble 395,7 miliyoni.
Malinga ndi FSBI Samaramelivodkhoz, chaka chatha boma dongosolo anaphimba pa 20 zikwi mahekitala ndi ulimi wothirira. Chaka chino, ndondomeko ulimi wothirira ndi za 23 mahekitala.
Mu 2019, thandizo kuchokera ku bajeti ya chigawo limaperekedwanso 20% ya mtengo wolipirira ntchito zoperekera madzi amthirira m'mabungwe azaulimi omwe chaka chino apereka zida zowongolera.
CHITSANZO
Mafamu ambiri a mbatata am'derali amapatsidwa malo awo osungiramo zinthu zomwe zakula. Kuchuluka kwa mbatata zosungira lero ndi pafupifupi matani 130, zomwe ndi pafupifupi 90% ya zomwe zimafunikira.
Kuyambira 2018, paki yaulimi ya Samara yakhala ikugwira ntchito mdera lachigawo. Awa ndi malo ogulitsa omwe ali ndi malo a 30 masikweya mita. m, cholinga chosungira ndi kugulitsa zaulimi (makamaka zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba). Zida zambiri zopangira ndi kuyika mbatata ndi ndiwo zamasamba zayikidwa m'gawo la ORC.
Famu iliyonse imatha kuigwiritsa ntchito kuti ibweretse katundu wake mogwirizana ndi zofunikira zamaketani ogulitsa. Komabe, monga momwe Oleg Vinogradov amanenera, mpaka pano palibe ambiri omwe akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito ubwino wa paki yaulimi: ambiri opanga zazikulu ali ndi zipangizo zawo, ndipo mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono, monga lamulo, amagulitsa malonda awo kudzera mwa oyimira pakati.
Ngakhale ndizotheka kuti pakapita nthawi, mtundu wa ORC ukhalabe wotchuka m'derali. Mwachitsanzo, pakati pa mabungwe azaulimi, omwe adapangidwa poyambirira.
MAFUNSO
Samara State Agrarian University ndiye yunivesite yoyambira yomwe imaphunzitsa anthu ogwira nawo ntchito pazachuma m'derali. Yunivesiteyi ili ndi mbiri yakale, makumi masauzande a akatswiri odziwa bwino kwambiri amaliza maphunziro ake.
Masiku ano, yunivesite imachita maphunziro m'magawo asanu ndi limodzi: Agronomy, Biotechnology ndi Veterinary Medicine, Engineering, Technological, Economic, Continuing Education and Continuing Education. Atsogoleri amtsogolo pazachuma chamakampani amalandila chidziwitso ku Institute of Management Technologies ndi Agrarian Market, yomwe ilinso gawo la yunivesite.
Mu 2019, kuloledwa kuli kotsegukira kwa malo 1811 (ophunzira 1308 adzavomerezedwa mchaka choyamba cha mapulogalamu a digiri yoyamba, ophunzira 100 a pulogalamu yapaderayi, ophunzira 403 a mapulogalamu a master).
M'zaka zaposachedwa, yunivesite yakhala ikuyambitsa maphunziro okhudzana ndi machitidwe: kwa ophunzira akuluakulu, maphunziro apamwamba ndi othandiza amatenga nthawi yofanana. Kuphatikiza apo, ophunzira amaphunzira zoyambira zantchito zothandiza m'mabizinesi apamwamba kwambiri pazaulimi ku Samara.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti derali limapereka chidwi kwambiri pothandizira akatswiri achinyamata omwe asankha kugwira ntchito kumidzi. Monga gawo la kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo la dera la Samara 28-GD "Pa thandizo la boma kwa ogwira ntchito m'dera la Samara" omaliza maphunziro apamwamba omwe amalembedwa ntchito kwa nthawi yoyamba pansi pa mgwirizano wa ntchito ku bungwe laulimi kapena wamba (famu) amalandila ndalama zokwana 69 rubles , omaliza maphunziro apadera a sekondale - 34,5 rubles.