Bungwe la Federal Scientific and Technical Programme for Development of Agriculture for 2017–2025 (lotchedwa FNTP) likulamula ochita masewerawa kuti apange mitundu yopikisana ndi ma hybrids omwe amasankhidwa kunyumba.
Kupatulapo mbewu monga chimanga ndi mbewu zina zingapo, mitundu yapakhomo idakali yofooka kapena yosapikisana ndi yakunja. Opanga zaulimi wapakhomo amakonda chinthu chamtengo wapatali koma chodalirika kuchokera kwa opanga odziwika bwino - atsogoleri adziko lonse lapansi. Ndiiko komwe, Baibulo limati: “Wofesa mouma manja adzatuta mochepa;
Ndipo atsogoleri apadziko lonse lapansi amakampani, pakadali pano, akuwonjezera mphamvu zawo zachuma ndiukadaulo kale kudzera pakuphatikizana kodziwika bwino komanso kupeza. Pokhala ndi mwayi wopeza ndalama zopanda malire, amakhudza msika wamitundu ndi ma hybrids ku Russia. Ndipo sadzausiyabe.
Komabe, Russia ikhoza ndipo iyenera kuchita nawo gawo la msika wambewu wapadziko lonse lapansi, kusankha mbewu zomwe zimapindulitsa kupanga (komwe tili ndi ma genetics abwino, mitundu yamphamvu ndi ma hybrids), ndikugulitsanso kudziko lapansi, osati tirigu basi.
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa chitukuko ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa zomwe zapindula za sayansi yoweta m'banja pakupanga kwenikweni kumakhalabe chopinga chachikulu kuti chilowe padziko lonse lapansi. The gwero kuthekera kwa FNTP akuimiridwa ndi 208 mabungwe kafukufuku ndi 21 lalikulu interdisciplinary kafukufuku wa Unduna wa Sayansi ya Russia, 29 mabungwe mu dongosolo la Utumiki wa ulimi wa Russia, 54 mayunivesite apadera makampani, 22 mabungwe a akatswiri owonjezera. maphunziro. Komabe, pakali pano, mabungwe asayansi ndi mayunivesite a zaulimi nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito popanda kuganizira zosowa zenizeni za msika, ndipo mitundu ya kuphatikizika kwawo mukupanga zenizeni sizikugwirizana ndi zovuta zamakono.
Choncho, kulengedwa kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. Inde, boma la Russia limayang'anira ndalama zothandizira makampani omwe akufuna kukopa ndalama zapadera. Pafupifupi ma ruble 2016 miliyoni adapatsidwa malo obereketsa mbewu mu 2017-300. Kuphatikiza apo, ndalama zothandizira kupanga mbewu za mbatata, mbewu zamasamba otseguka, chimanga, beets shuga ndi mpendadzuwa zimasungidwa. Ma ruble 11,3 biliyoni aperekedwa pazolinga izi. Koma kodi ndalamazi zomwe zaperekedwa kuchokera ku bajeti ya boma zikufanana ndi bajeti zamabungwe amayiko?
Zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi zikuwonetsa kuti muzachuma chamsika sizowona kudalira ndalama zokha. Ngakhale boma litapeza ndalama zina zofunika, palibe chidaliro pakugwiritsa ntchito moyenera. Pali njira imodzi yokha yotulukira. Ndikofunikira kukopa ndalama zapadera. Pokhapokha atalumpha pa singano ya ndalama za boma, kuswana kwa Russia kudzasiya kugwira ntchito popanda ntchito.
Ku Germany, boma limagwiritsa ntchito sayansi yoyambira yokha, pomwe kafukufuku wogwiritsidwa ntchito amalipidwa mwachinsinsi. Kuswana, pokhala pamzere wa sayansi yofunikira komanso yogwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi bizinesi yopindulitsa kwambiri, yomwe ili ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi kukhazikitsidwa koyambirira kwa kafukufuku wofunikira wa sayansi. Koma izi sizinali nthawi zonse komanso osati kulikonse ku Germany. Atsogoleri a GDR anayesa kutengera mosamala zomwe zachitika ku USSR, kuphatikiza pakukonza njira yobereketsa mbewu. Pambuyo pa mgwirizano wa dziko, mabungwe obereketsa a boma adasinthidwa, ndipo kuthekera kwawo kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana kunasinthidwa kwambiri. Kupatula apo, mitundu yonse yosawerengeka ndi ndalama zotayidwa, zomwe mwazokha ndizosakwera mtengo kwa Ajeremani achangu. Mitundu ina inasiyidwa kuti “ikwaniritse masiku awo” limodzi ndi “alimi ogwirizana” amene anazolowera. Ndipo mitundu yomwe ili yabwino kwambiri pamsika watsopanoyo yayamba kuyambitsidwa mwachangu pakupanga molingana ndi miyezo ya "kumadzulo".
Kuti alowe mulingo wapadziko lonse lapansi, kuswana kwa Russia kumayenera kuthana ndi zovuta zofananira mwanjira ina. Padziko lonse lapansi, kupangidwa kwa mitundu yatsopano kumalipira kudzera pakusonkhanitsa ndalama. Ngati mitundu yomwe idapangidwayo sinagwiritsidwe ntchito, palibe mafumu. Palibe chopanga mitundu yatsopano. Royalty ndi mlengalenga, popanda kuswana kumangovuta, maziko a kuswana bwino komanso molimba (ndinganene - mosasunthika) kumangidwa mukupanga kwenikweni kuswana. Ndizowonetseratu kuti mu Federal Breeders Union of Germany (BDP) ndi anthu 20 okha omwe akugwira ntchito mwadala kusonkhanitsa ndalama zamtengo wapatali kuti agwiritse ntchito mbewu zovomerezeka ndi "zamunda", zogwirizanitsidwa mu dongosolo lomwe linapangidwira izi - STV yokhala ndi bajeti yapachaka ya 3 miliyoni mayuro (1 % ya bungwe). Iyi imatchedwa njira yodalirika yopezera ndalama zoweta ndi kubweretsa mitundu yamitundu mu malonda.
FNTP ikupereka njira zolimbikitsira omwe akutenga nawo mbali, zomwe ziyenera kuthandizira kusintha pang'onopang'ono kwa alimi kuti agwiritse ntchito matekinoloje apakhomo ndi zinthu zapakhomo. Ikukonzekera kuchita zinthu zomwe cholinga chake ndi kusamutsa zotsatira za sayansi ndi luso kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito. Koma kodi kusinthaku kudzachitika bwanji? Nanga n’cifukwa ciani sanazifalitse kale? Zoona panalibe mitundu yabwino? Anali! Ndipo osati pang'ono! Koma iwo anakula makamaka mu State Register, osati m'minda. Pali zodetsa nkhawa kwambiri kuti izi zibwerezanso.
Chifukwa chiyani? Choyamba, chifukwa palibe malamulo amakono ndi malamulo oyendetsera kuswana ndi kupanga mbewu mdziko muno. Njira yoyesera-chubu-to-thumba ili ndi zopinga zomwe ndizovuta, ngakhale kwa osunga ndalama kwambiri. Mabowo pamilandu ayenera kukonzedwa mwachangu. Kupanda kutero, ndalama zonse (ndi FNTP zikutanthawuza kupereka ndalama zamapulojekiti ang'onoang'ono pa mbewu ndi bizinesi komanso kuchokera ku bajeti ya feduro mu magawo ofanana) sizipereka zotsatira zomwe zikuyembekezeka.
Baibulo limati: “... ndipo palibe munthu amathira vinyo watsopano m’matumba akale; akatero vinyo watsopano adzaphulitsa matumba achikopa, ndipo adzatayika yekha, ndipo matumba achikopawo adzatayika; koma vinyo watsopano ayenera kuthiridwa m’matumba achikopa atsopano; pamenepo adzapulumutsidwa onse awiri.
Kufunsa kuti lamulo latsopano lokhudza kamenyedwe ka mbeu lidzakhazikitsidwa liti ndikovuta. Koma ngakhale ngati sichitha kugwira ntchito pofika nthawi yoilandira, sichingathetse mavuto onse. Tikufuna gulu lonse la malamulo okhudzana ndi malamulo okhudzana ndi chitetezo cha kukopera pakukwaniritsa zokolola, kuthana ndi zabodza, kupanga madera apadera okulira mbewu, kukonza njira zoyezera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndikulembetsa mitundu, kuwongolera ziphaso, njira zosinthira mbewu ndi kubzala mbewu. Zolinga zofufuzira, kulimbikitsa kuwongolera zomwe zili mu GMOs, kuyang'anira phytosanitary, etc.
Unduna wa Zaulimi umamvetsetsa bwino izi, ndipo mndandanda wa zosintha zofunika, zowonjezera ndi kuthetsedwa zidapangidwa kale. Koma izi ndi mndandanda, ndi nthawi yochuluka bwanji yomwe idzafunikire kukonzekera zolemba zonsezi, zokambirana zawo, kukanidwa, kukonzanso, "kuzizira", ndi zina zotero. ndi zina? Ndani, ndi liti ndipo izi zidzachitika motani?
Padziko lonse lapansi, kupangidwa ndi kukwezedwa kwa malamulo olembedwa ndi malamulo akugwira ntchito m'mabungwe amakampani mothandizidwa ndi akatswiri omwe amalipidwa kwambiri ndi okopa alendo. Ndikofunikira kupeza ndalama zofunika ndi "kulumikiza" ntchitoyi! Palibe nthawi yotsalira yomanga, ndipo palibe "ankhondo" okonzeka kudikirira molimba mtima "dona wokongola" - Kusankhidwa kwa Russia, potsiriza, kudziwonetsera kudziko lonse mu ulemerero wake wonse, pakati pa mpikisano wathu padziko lonse lapansi. msika, tsoka, sizimawonedwa.
Mwa njira, mu 1945, pamene BDP inalengedwa ku Hannover yotanganidwa ndi ogwirizana, sipangakhale funso la chuma chilichonse cholemera ndi luso, mphamvu zachuma ndi mpikisano wa chisankho cha Germany. Obereketsa aku Germany adagwirizana osati motsutsana ndi mbewu za mayiko opambana, koma kuti agwirizane kuti apange maziko ofunikira kuti pakhale chitukuko chofulumira komanso kuyambitsa mitundu yobala zipatso kwambiri. Ndipo adalenga ndikukhazikitsa, osafunsa boma kuti achite pfenning iliyonse komanso osadandaula pachabe za dongosolo lowonongeka la kusankha ndi kupanga mbewu. Makampani ang'onoang'ono (nthawi zambiri mabanja) ndi apakati - maziko a kuswana kwa Germany, adatha kuwuka kuchokera kuphulusa pambuyo pa nkhondo ndikupita kudziko lapansi munthawi yochepa kwambiri.
Zoyeserera zomwe mabungwe amagulu aku Russia apanga kuti akhazikitse malamulo omwe amafunikira ndizosakhalitsa komanso zogawika, motero sizothandiza. Zikuwoneka kuti ndizoyenera kuphatikiza zoyesayesa mothandizidwa ndi umodzi mwamabungwe (omwe ali "toothy" kwambiri) kapena mkati mwa gulu logwira ntchito. Zotsatira zake ndizofunika kwambiri kuposa kufuna kutchuka. Ndikuganizanso kuti kuchita izi kudzapeza kumvetsetsa pakati pa atumiki achichepere (zaulimi ndi sayansi) ndi wachiwiri kwa nduna yayikulu.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa FNTP pofika chaka cha 2025 kuyenera kuchepetsa chiwopsezo chokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha chakudya pochepetsa gawo lazakudya zopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito umisiri wakunja kuchokera ku mbewu zobwera kunja ndi zoweta. Ndiroleni ndikukumbutseni kuti FNTP idapangidwa potsatira Lamulo la Purezidenti No. 350 "Pamiyezo yokhazikitsa ndondomeko ya boma ya sayansi ndi luso pazachitukuko chaulimi." Ndipo, monga mukudziwira, Purezidenti wathu amawongolera mosamalitsa komanso moyenera momwe akumvera. Choncho, palibe kukayikira kuti zizindikiro zomaliza za FNTP zidzakwaniritsidwa.
Pali chiyeso chachikulu chokwaniritsa izi mwa njira zoyang'anira. Mwachitsanzo, mwa volitional lamulo la chiŵerengero cha mitundu yachilendo ndi zoweta mu State Register. Koma n'zokayikitsa kuti akuluakulu a zaulimi aku Russia angagwirizane ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndondomeko ya "zolondola" zamitundu yosiyanasiyana pa iwo, kuwalepheretsa kukhala ndi mwayi wosankha mwaufulu ndi udindo pazochitikazo, zikomo Mulungu, zachuma chamsika chokhazikitsidwa kale. Cholinga cha bizinesi ndi kupanga phindu, osati kudziwa "mtundu" wa kupindula kwa kuswana. Chiyembekezo cha "mnzako kapena mdani", chomwe chili kutali ndi maofesi apamwamba, sichikhala ndi chidwi ndi aliyense m'madera omwe chiŵerengero cha mtengo ndi khalidwe ndizofunikira kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, njira yachidule yotereyi idzapangitsa kuti mgwirizano wapadziko lonse uchepe pa nkhani yoweta, yomwe kwa nthawi yayitali idapeza chikhalidwe chapamwamba padziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo ichi chinali chinthu chachikulu pakukula kwake kofulumira.
Inde, kukwera kwa zilango ndi kutsutsa sikuthandiza pa chitukuko cha mgwirizano wapadziko lonse, kuphatikizapo kuswana. Posachedwapa, munthu nthawi zambiri amamva zitonzo zotsutsana ndi anzawo akumadzulo chifukwa cha njira imodzi yolumikizirana yomwe cholinga chake ndi kutumiza mbewu ndi matekinoloje ogwirizana nawo ku Russia. Ndipo mitundu yopikisana yaku Russia ndi ma hybrids amaonedwa kuti saloledwa kulowa m'misika yaku Europe, pokhudzana ndi momwe njira zoyankhira magalasi zimapangidwira mopanda nzeru. Palinso nkhawa za kuthetsedwa (mokakamizidwa ndi kutsidya kwa nyanja) kwa zinthu zochokera ku Europe kupita ku Russia za mbewu za mbewu zomwe zimadalira kwambiri kunja.
Koma, pepani, ndi Russia yomwe imaletsa kuitanitsa zinthu zaulimi zakumadzulo, osati mosemphanitsa. Europe ikubuula kale kuchokera ku chiletso cha chakudya cha ku Russia (kutaya pachaka - mpaka $ 8,3 biliyoni!) Kusiyanso msika wambewu. Germany sanavomereze pa "Nord Stream - 2", ngakhale kukakamizidwa kwakukulu kuchokera kunja. Kenako, palibe m'dziko lathu lomwe adayesapo kulowa m'misika yaku Europe motsatira njira zoyenera komanso zofanana kuti mayiko onse omwe si a EU apeze mawonekedwe ofananira ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana oyesa ndi ziphaso.
Njira yopezera chikhalidwe chofanana idaperekedwa ndi dipatimenti yosiyanasiyana ya Federal Republic of Germany (mothandizidwa ndi Cooperation Project "German-Russian Agrarian-Political Dialogue") pa Tsiku loyamba la All-Russian Field ku Altai Territory. mu 2016. Komabe, "zinthu zikadalipo." Pakadali pano, bungwe loyenerera la EU likuganizira kale zofunsira kuti lipeze kufanana kwa mbewu kuchokera ku Ukraine, Moldova ndi mayiko ena angapo.
Ikapanga chigamulo chomaliza pakupereka mawonekedwe ofanana, Commission iyenera kupempha lingaliro la dziko lomwe lapempha kuchokera ku European Seed Association (ESA). BDP ndi membala wofunika kwambiri wa ESA ndipo imatenga nawo mbali pakupanga malingaliro oyenera omwe aperekedwa ndi ESA ku EU Commission. Pofuna kukulitsa mgwirizano wa mayiko awiriwa pa nkhani yoweta ndi kupanga mbewu, motsogozedwa ndi mzimu waubwenzi, BDP ikuwonetsa kukonzeka kwake kuthandizira kugwiritsa ntchito Russia ku EU. Obereketsa aku Germany ali ndi chidwi chopanga njira yopikisana padziko lonse lapansi yoweta ndi kupanga mbewu ku Russia. Gwirizanani, ndi bwino kupikisana ndi mawu ofanana kusiyana ndi kuopa kuti mpikisano wofooka angagwiritse ntchito njira zosagulitsa malonda ndikupempha kuti akhazikitse njira zoletsa chitetezo ku boma.
Bungwe la BDP, pamodzi ndi bungwe la National Union of Breeders and Seed Breeders (NSSiS), linapanga mfundo zolimbikitsa mgwirizano wa Germany ndi Russia pa nkhani ya kuswana ndi kupanga mbewu. Zimaphatikizapo zinthu zofunika kwambiri, popanda kukhazikitsidwa kumene kupambana kwa kuswana kwa Russia kukhala tsogolo labwino sikungatheke. Izi:
- Kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa njira zina zowonjezeretsa kukopa kwachuma pakukula kwa zoweta pamaziko a mgwirizano pakati pazaboma ndi wabizinesi;
- kuonetsetsa chitetezo chodalirika cha kukopera kwa zoweta;
- Kupititsa patsogolo kachitidwe ka kuyezetsa kosiyanasiyana kwa boma ndikulembetsa mitundu;
- kukonza njira zogulitsira mbeu kuchokera kunja kukafuna kafukufuku;
- kupatsa Russian Federation udindo wofanana ndi dongosolo la kuyesa kosiyanasiyana kwa boma la EU;
- kuphatikizika kwina kwa Russian Federation ku International Seed Certification System;
- thandizo lolowera mabungwe anthambi aku Russia m'mabungwe apadziko lonse a obereketsa ndi olima mbewu;
- kukonza njira yolumikizirana pakati pa ma NPPO a mayiko awiriwa;
- kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chabwino chakunja pakupanga njira zapakhomo zofunika pakukhazikitsa Mgwirizano wa Mamembala a Eurasian Economic Union pakukula kwa mbewu zaulimi;
- kukhazikitsa mapulojekiti ophatikizana obereketsa ndi kukulitsa mbewu kutengera malingaliro omwe alipo a maofesi achigawo a NSSiS ndi mabungwe ofufuza aku Russia.
Tsoka ilo, mpaka pano, kuyesa kuphatikizira maunduna ndi madipatimenti a mayiko awiriwa pakukhazikitsa malingalirowa mwanjira yovomerezeka kapena mapu amisewu sikunapambane. Mwachiwonekere, aliyense akukhutitsidwa ndi ndondomeko yomwe ilipo yoyendetsera mgwirizano - Chigwirizano Chogwirizana cha nduna ziwiri pa zolinga za kuswana ndi kupanga mbewu kuchokera ku 2013.
Chikalata chomwechi mosakayikira chinathandiza kwambiri. Mothandizidwa ndi Project Cooperation "German-Russian Agrarian-Political Dialogue", zochitika zingapo zidachitika ndi oimira akuluakulu azamalamulo ndi akuluakulu a mayiko awiriwa, mabungwe amakampani. Mapangano ofunikira ofunikira adafikiridwa pazinthu zazikulu zantchito kuti apindule ndi obereketsa ndi opanga mbewu ku Russia ndi Germany. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chizolowezi chogwira ntchito mkati mwa ndondomeko ya Joint Statement of Intent yasonyeza kuti zolinga zambiri zakhalabe choncho. Chifukwa chake, kufunikira kokulirapo kumafunika ndi chizindikiritso cha omwe akuwongolera, masiku omaliza komanso mitundu yophatikizira.
Monga mukuonera, pali ntchito yovuta koma yosangalatsa kutsogolo! Ndikufuna kukhumba tonsefe chipambano mmenemo!
SERGEY Platonov, http://agro-max.ru