Posachedwapa, muulimi wa mayiko a EU, pakhala chizolowezi chochepetsera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala otetezera zomera (pambuyo pake PPP). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pali kufufuza njira zina zokonzekera mankhwala owopsa komanso owopsa (kalasi I, II), komanso kupititsa patsogolo ulimi wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, phytopathogens ndi namsongole. Mwachitsanzo, monga gawo la njira ya From Farm to Fork (yomwe ndi gawo lalikulu la European Green Deal, njirayo idasindikizidwa ndi European Commission mu May 2020), ikukonzekera kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo (ogwira ntchito). zosakaniza) ndi 50% pofika 2030. Malinga ndi zomwe zasindikizidwa zaposachedwa kwambiri za February 2022, zinthu 934 zomwe zimagwira ntchito zidachotsedwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ku EU, pomwe 448 idavomerezedwa ndipo 67 ikudikirira. Akuti mu 2022, zilolezo za zinthu 200 zogwira ntchito zidzatha mu EU. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pali chiopsezo cha kuchotsedwa kwa zilolezo, kuphatikizapo chifukwa cha zovuta ndi kukwera kwa mtengo wa ndondomeko ya kulembetsa zinthu zogwira ntchito ku EU, kwa 34% ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo, 23% ya fungicides, 35% ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo. mankhwala ophera udzu. Kuphatikiza apo, EU ikuwonjezera pang'onopang'ono dera lomwe limakhala ndi kulima zinthu zamasamba. Chifukwa chake malinga ndi ziwerengero za FAOSTAT, mwachitsanzo, ku EU, dera laulimi lomwe limakhala ndi ulimi wa organic mu 2018 linali mahekitala 13016,254, mu 2019 - 13905,6276 mahekitala zikwi; mu 2020 - 14737,191 mahekitala. Poyerekeza, mu Russian Federation anali mahekitala 2018 mu 606,975, mahekitala 2019 mu 674,34, ndi mahekitala 2020 mu 615,19.
Pankhani yochepetsera kugwiritsa ntchito ma PPP ndi kufalikira kwa njira ya organic pakukula mbewu, nkhani yogwiritsira ntchito njira zamakono zamakono zopopera mankhwala zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri. Chimodzi mwa zida izi zomwe zawonetsa kuti zimagwira ntchito bwino ndi magalimoto apamlengalenga osayendetsedwa (otchedwa drones), okhala ndi zida zopopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndikubzala mbewu zaulimi ndi matabwa.
Pakadali pano, kugwiritsa ntchito ma drones poteteza mbewu sikuloledwa mwalamulo mu EU - EU malangizo (2009/128/EC) amaletsa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa m'mlengalenga m'maiko a EU. Kuletsa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa m'mlengalenga kumalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndege zonse zopanda ndege ku EU monga njira zamakono zogwiritsira ntchito zoteteza zomera. Kuonjezera apo, kukhwima kwa chiletso chomwe chilipo sichikuthandizira kupita patsogolo kwakukulu pa chitukuko cha matekinoloje m'munda uno wa chitetezo cha zomera. Pazifukwa izi, ambiri omwe akuchita nawo gawo ku Europe akukakamira kuti awonenso ndi kuwonjezera malangizowa okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito ma drones kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa.
Pakadali pano, mayiko aku Asia, makamaka China, apita patsogolo kwambiri pakupanga ukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito ma drones kupopera ma PPP.
Ponena za dziko lathu, ku Russian Federation, sizinthu zonse zoteteza zomera zomwe zili ndi chilolezo chogwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza ndege. Kuti mumvetsetse ngati mankhwala enaake ali ndi chilolezo chotere, mutha kulozera ku buku laposachedwa la mankhwala ololedwa ophera tizilombo ndi agrochemicals (mankhwala omwe ali ndi chilolezo chotere amalembedwa ndi chilembo "A"). Kuphatikiza apo, malinga ndi malamulo, ku Russian Federation, ma drones okhala ndi kulemera kwa 0,25 kg mpaka 30 kg amakakamizidwa kulembetsa.
Pofuna kupopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo mwatsatanetsatane, ma drones amakhala ndi njira yoyendetsera ntchito zoteteza zomera. Ubwino wina wa ntchito yawo ndi kuthekera koyambitsa zinthu zoteteza zomera ndi kukula kwa madontho omwazika bwino pamtengo wotsika. The finely omwazika droplet amapereka bwino Kuphunzira zomera, amene amalola ogwira kulamulira zomera tizirombo pa otsika ntchito mitengo, amenenso n'kofunika kupewa zikamera kugonjetsedwa ndi anthu zomera tizirombo. Ubwino wosatsutsika wogwiritsa ntchito ma PPP pogwiritsa ntchito ma drones ndi kuchepa kwa chilengedwe, pamadzi opindulitsa ndi ma macro- ndi ma microbiota a dothi, komanso mtengo wotsika wamankhwala komanso ntchito yocheperako kwa alimi. Koma vuto lalikulu pakugwiritsa ntchito ma drones ndi chiwopsezo chotengera kutsitsi kupita kuminda yoyandikana nayo, komwe mbewu yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito imatha kumera. Malinga ndi kafukufukuyu, chiwopsezo cha kutsetsereka kopopera kumatha kuchepetsedwa potsitsa kutalika kwa ndegeyo. Kutengera kutalika kwa mbewu yomwe imapoperedwa, drone imatha kugwira ntchito mosiyanasiyana (nthawi zambiri 3-10 m). Nthawi zambiri, ndi othandiza pakupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kwazinthu zoteteza zomera pamalo otsika kwambiri. Chofunikira ndichakuti ndi chithandizo chamtunduwu, kumwa mankhwalawa kumachepa, chifukwa drone imapopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'malo omwe kuli kofunikira (malo opangira matenda, udzu, ndi tizirombo) ndikugwidwa. wa malo ang'onoang'ono momwe zamoyo zowononga zomera. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mlingo wa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ukhoza kusinthidwa malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa mbeu / udzu wodzala mbewu (ie, kusintha kusintha kwa nyengo).
Kulondola kwakukulu kwa kugwiritsa ntchito PPP ndi ma drones kumapangitsa kuti zitheke mwachangu komanso moyenera kuthana ndi tizirombo towopsa, makamaka pamene adjuvants akuwonjezeredwa ku yankho.
Chifukwa chake, molingana ndi kuyezetsa kothandiza, mphamvu ya m'mawa (7 am) ndi madzulo (7pm) mankhwala ndi 6% mankhwala ophera tizilombo (a.i. chlorantraniliprole + abamectin) ndi mafuta adjuvant Refei (China) pogwiritsa ntchito drones (China) motsutsana ndi tsamba la chimanga. mphutsi Spodoptera frugiperda anali pamwamba 90% 7 patatha masiku woyamba mankhwala ndi 7 patatha masiku wachiwiri mankhwala mankhwala. Nthawi yomweyo, ma drones adapopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuchokera kutalika kwa 2 m, pa liwiro la mphepo 3 m / s. Komanso, ndi mkulu dzuwa mankhwala a chimanga mbewu ndi microbiological kukonzekera tizilombo zochita zochokera kuyimitsidwa anadziwika. Metarhizium anisopliae (8 mabiliyoni spores/g) - magwiridwe antchito adachokera ku 37,1% ndi tizilombo towononga mbozi 16,6 pa zomera 100 za chimanga.
Komanso m'mabuku a sayansi akufotokozedwa kuti kuwonjezera kwa tank osakaniza adjuvants SURFOM ADJ 8860; OXITENO (Brazil) yawonetsa bwino kwambiri polimbana ndi powdery mildew pa tirigu. Choncho, pa mlingo wa 15 l / ha wa mankhwalawa, 150 ml / ha ya tank osakaniza adjuvants SURFOM ADJ 8860 anawonjezeredwa; OXITENO (Brazil), koma ngakhale ndi 1/3 kuchepetsa mlingo wa mankhwala ndi kuwonjezera osakaniza adjuvants SURFOM ADJ 8860; Chitetezo cha OXITENO (Brazil) ku powdery mildew cha tirigu chinakhalabe chokwera.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma drones angagwiritsidwe ntchito kumasula molondola ma biocontrol agents kuchokera mumlengalenga. Chifukwa chake, malinga ndi kafukufuku wasayansi, ma drones adagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa njuchi kuchokera mumlengalenga Rhinocomimus latipes motsutsana ndi udzu Persicaria perfoliata, kukhala ndi chiwopsezo chogawika mokhazikika m'maiko aku Europe komanso kukula kwambiri m'maiko aku Asia.
Ma dronewo adanyamula zotengera zomwe zinali ndi makontena asanu ndi atatu. Chidebe chilichonse chinali ndi tizilombo 20 akuluakulu. Pansi pa zotengerazo zinapangidwa ndi dongo lopyapyala, panthawi yothawa linagwa, ndipo tizilombo tinatulutsidwa. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wa m’munda zinasonyeza kuti njira imeneyi yotulutsira ng’ombezi sinakhudze kwambiri kupulumuka ndi kudyetsa kwa nyama. R. latipes. Kumasula bwino R. latipes motsutsa Persicaria perfoliata kuyambira 68,8 mpaka 88,8%.
Komanso, malinga ndi kafukufuku wasayansi, ma drones amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumasula tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta amuna. Imeneyi ndi njira yoyendetsera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, momwe amuna osabala amtundu womwewo amamasulidwa mochuluka kumalo komwe tizilombo timagawidwa. Amuna osabereka amakwatiwa ndi akazi am'deralo popanda kubereka ana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa tizilombo. Kumalo akutali, ngakhale kuthetsedwa kwathunthu kwa tizilombo kumatha kuchitika pambuyo pa kutulutsa mwadongosolo m'gawo lonselo. Kuwonetsetsa kuti njirayi ikugwira ntchito komanso kuchepetsa kukweretsa amuna am'deralo ndi akazi amderalo, chiŵerengero cha amuna osabereka ndi amuna am'deralo chiyenera kukhala 1:10. Kuonjezera apo, khalidwe la kugonana la amuna osabereka liyenera kukhala lofanana ndi la amuna amtchire. Ubwino waukulu wa njirayi ndi kukhudza kochepa kwa chilengedwe ndi mitundu yomwe siili yolunjika, koma pochita, kutulutsidwa kwa tizilombo tosabala ndi njira yokwera mtengo, yomwe imafunikanso kutsata ukadaulo, chifukwa nthawi zambiri tizilombo timatha kuwonongeka ndipo. ngakhale kufa pomasulidwa popanda kukhudza anthu.
Mwachidule, titha kunena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano paulimi kuli ndi kuthekera kwakukulu pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oteteza zomera ndi biomethod. Pakadali pano, matekinoloje ogwiritsira ntchito ma drones poteteza mbewu alibe chilolezo chodziwika bwino m'maiko aku Europe, zomwe zimachepetsa kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo mderali. Ku Russia, kugwiritsa ntchito ma drones poteteza mbewu kukuchulukirachulukira, koma ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zochitika zakunja m'mikhalidwe yadziko lathu kumafuna kuvomerezedwa kwakukulu kwaukadaulo pazomera zosiyanasiyana, komanso chitukuko ndi chitukuko. kukhazikitsa adjuvants m'nyumba. Ndikofunikiranso kuzindikira kuti kupanga matekinoloje apakhomo a magalimoto osayendetsedwa ndi ndege kudzatilola kukwaniritsa ulamuliro waukadaulo wadziko lathu, kuphatikiza pachitetezo cha zomera.
Maria Erokhova, wofufuza wamkulu, VNIIF