Mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito tizilombo towononga tizirombo m'minda yaulimi wakhala m'dziko lathu kwa zaka zopitilira khumi ndi ziwiri. M'malo omwe kupezeka kwa zinthu zoteteza zomera kukucheperachepera, komanso kufunikira kwa zinthu zoteteza chilengedwe kukukulirakulira, zoteteza zomera zamoyo zikuchulukirachulukira.
Mphatso yochokera ku chilengedwe
Dzina lakuti "entomophages" likhoza kumasuliridwa kuti amadya tizilombo. Mfundo yeniyeni ya kukhalapo kwawo imatikumbutsa kuti chilengedwe chinasamalira kulinganiza m’dongosolo la zamoyo, kupereka kulamulira kwa chiŵerengero cha zamoyo zina ndi zina. Ndipo chinthu chokhacho chomwe chatsalira kwa munthu ndicho kugwiritsa ntchito mipata yomwe ilipo molondola.
“Zinthu zoteteza zomera zamoyo zikuchulukirachulukirachulukira chaka chilichonse,” akutero katswiri wamkulu wa entophytopathologist wa nthambi ya Kabardino-Balkarian ya Federal State Budgetary Institution “Rosselkhoztsentr” Tatiana Kisheva.- Kwa ambiri, zikuwonekeratu kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumawononga kwambiri zinthu zaulimi komanso kuwononga chilengedwe.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito entomophages kumathetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kapena kumachepetsa pafupipafupi, - akutero mkulu wa labotale yoteteza zomera zamtundu wa All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR) Natalia Belyakova. - Kuphatikiza apo, biomethod iyi imalola alimi kuthana ndi vuto la kukana, pomwe tizirombo tosiyanasiyana tikhala kulimbana ndi mankhwala oteteza mbewu.
Ku Russia, opanga otsogola a entomophages ndi nthambi za Russian Agricultural Center ku Stavropol, Belgorod ndi Rostov zigawo, maiko a Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingushetia ndi North Ossetia-Alania.
Mtsogoleri wa labotale yoyesera ya Shpakovskaya ya nthambi ya Federal State Budgetary Institution Rosselkhozcenter ku Stavropol Territory anati: “Mu labotale yathu, imodzi mwa zazikulu kwambiri m’dzikoli, ma entomophages akhala akupangidwa kwa zaka 39. Vladimir Sugak. - Mavu a Trichogramma ndi mbozi Gabrobrakon ndi mitundu ikuluikulu ya ma ecoparasites omwe amaperekedwa pazosowa zaulimi.
Mtsogoleri wa nthambi ya Federal State Budgetary Institution “Rosselkhozcenter” ku Republic of Tatarstan anawonjezera kuti: “Tikupanga mitundu isanu ya tizilombo towononga tizilombo towononga mbewu zaulimi. Vitaly Novichkov. - Zina mwa izo ndi chilombo cha polyphagous cha lacewing, podizus bug, chilombo cha Colorado mbatata kachilomboka, ndi macrolofus bug, cholusa cholimbana ndi whitefly.
Gawo lalikulu la mankhwalawa limabwera kumsika wathu kuchokera kunja, komwe zoteteza zomera zamoyo, monga zotsika mtengo komanso zothandiza, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri.
- Timapereka ma entomophages kuchokera ku Italy, Netherlands, Uzbekistan ndi Kazakhstan, - atero Mtsogoleri Wamkulu wa Fly and See Agro LLC Vasily Ptitsyn. - Makasitomala a kampani yathu amawagwiritsa ntchito bwino pothana ndi tizirombo toyambitsa matenda a lepidoptera, kuphatikiza nyongolotsi, njenjete, njenjete, njenjete ndi tizirombo tina zingapo.
Makhalidwe a "kusaka"
Entomophage imalowetsedwa m'munda ngati dzira, pupa kapena tizilombo tachikulire. Zolusa ndi ma eco-parasites zimakhazikika molingana ndi njira yapadera, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zaukadaulo kapena kumasulidwa pamanja.
Katswiri wamkulu wa nthambi ya Belgorod ya Federal State Budgetary Institution “Rosselkhozcenter” akufotokoza kuti: “Gabrobracon yaikazi imapeza mbozi ndi kuipuwala pobaya poyizoni, ndiyeno imaikira mazira 45 pathupi pake. Valentina Bychkova.- Mphutsi za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe zikukula, zimadyetsa hemolymph ya mbozi, zomwe zimangokhala zophimba zakunja pambuyo pa masiku 9-14.
Ndichizoloŵezi chofala pamene zotengera zomwe zili ndi mbozi zagabrobracon-infected mill moth zimayikidwa pa mbewu zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi tizilombo. Pamene kuswa kukupita patsogolo, entomophage imakhazikika mwachangu, kufunafuna wolandirayo mwachangu, ndikusinthira kumadera ozungulira.
Kuchita bwino kwambiri, mpaka 92 peresenti, kumawonetsedwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Gabrobrakon ndi Trichogramma zovuta. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala anthu okwanira 300-500 a entomophages pa hekitala imodzi.
"Trichogramma mphutsi zimakula mwa kudya zomwe zili m'dzira la tizilombo," katswiriyu akupitiriza. - Entomophage yaikazi imayika mazira anayi nthawi iliyonse, ndipo panthawiyi chiwerengero chawo chikhoza kufika 50. Izi zimabweretsa imfa ya dzira la tizilombo kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko, pamene silinakhalepo ndi nthawi yowononga zomera.
Trichogramma ndi mbewu imakhazikitsidwa molunjika kapena mosalekeza, kuphatikiza kuyendetsa ndege ndi magalimoto osayendetsedwa ndi ndege.
- Kukhazikitsidwa kwa entomophages m'dera lathu kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito drone yokhala ndi dispenser yopangidwa ndi akatswiri anthambi, - imafotokoza. Vitaly Novichkov. - Wopatsayo amawongolera chakudya, amakulolani kuwongolera liwiro, kufanana ndi kuchuluka kwa kugawa kwa biomaterial, kuwonetsetsa kulondola kwa kukonza.
"Timapanganso zida zapadera zomwe zimayikidwa pa drones ndikukulolani kuti muwonetse mitundu yoyenera ya entomophages pamiyeso yoyenera," akutero. Vasily Ptitsyn. - Drone yokhala ndi zida zotere imayendetsa minda yofikira mahekitala 15 pakatha mphindi 20 pakuthawa, ndipo zokolola zake zimafikira mahekitala 500-700 pakusintha kulikonse.
Mbatata m'tsogolomu
Pakadali pano, alimi a mbatata aku Russia samatsata ma entomophages. Koma minda yapamwamba kwambiri ikuyamba kuzigwiritsa ntchito ngati njira ina yopangira mankhwala oteteza zomera.
"Tili ndi chidziwitso chapadera ndi mbatata zopanda ma virus m'malo obiriwira pomwe biomethod idagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba," akutero. Natalia Belyakova. - Zofuna zapamwamba kwambiri zimayikidwa pachitetezo cha chikhalidwe cha meristem, chifukwa jekeseni imodzi ya aphid ndi yokwanira kupatsira chomera ndi kachilomboka. Entomophages, omwe ali ndi ntchito yosaka kwambiri ndipo amatha kupeza ngakhale osakwatiwa a tizilombo, adathana ndi ntchito yawo bwino.
- Mbatata ndi mbewu yodalirika yogwiritsira ntchito entomophages, - amakhulupirira Vasily Ptitsyn. - Mbatata njenjete ndi Colorado mbatata kachilomboka amayambitsa vuto lalikulu kwa opanga, ndipo entomophages amagwira ntchito motsutsana ndi tizirombo tonse. Kampani yathu yangochita nawo ntchito yoteteza mbewu ku Colorado mbatata kachilomboka. Kuyesera bwino kunachitika kumwera kwa Russia chilimwe chatha. Komabe, tiyenera kuchenjeza alimi kuti njira imeneyi sipereka XNUMX% zotsatira. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi chakudya cha entomophage, ndipo ngati tawonongeka, tizilombo tothandiza timafa ndi njala. Mbali ina ya zokolola iyenera kuperekedwa nsembe chifukwa cha kachilomboka komweko, koma zotsatira zake zokometsera zachilengedwe zitha kugulitsidwa pamsika kangapo zokwera mtengo.
Palibe amene amapempha alimi kuti asiye nthawi yomweyo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe amateteza zomera. Mutha kuyambitsa biomethod pang'onopang'ono kuti mutsimikizire kuti ikugwira ntchito.
- Entomophages imagwirizana bwino ndi biological fungicides ndi herbicides, - imatsimikizira Vitaly Novichkov.–Nthawiyi pakati pa chithandizo ndi mankhwala achilengedwe ndi kutulutsidwa kwa tizilombo kuyenera kukhala masiku 1-2. Ndipo mankhwala otetezera zomera, malingana ndi zomwe zimagwira ntchito, angagwiritsidwe ntchito masiku angapo asanatulutse entomophages kapena sabata pambuyo pake.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito munthawi yomweyo ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikothekanso, kumatsimikizira Natalia Belyakova. - Koma ndiye m'pofunika kuchita kusankha entomophages m'njira kuti apulumuke pa processing wa mbewu. Kukana kwa tizilombo ku mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumakula mosavuta, ndipo m'mibadwo khumi ndi iwiri tidzakhala ndi mzere wa entomophages wogwirizana ndi "chemistry".
Tizilombo tovuta
Poyang'ana koyamba, palibe chovuta kugwira ntchito ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tolimbana ndi tizirombo m'minda. Koma maganizo amenewa ndi onyenga.
- Entomophages amakula kokha m'ma laboratories apadera, kupanga zinthu zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi zachilengedwe, - zimatsindika Vladimir Sugak. - Izi ndi zodula, zovuta, makamaka ntchito yamanja, zomwe zimafuna chidziwitso chapadera ndi luso.
“Kuti mlimi atenge ma entomophages, ayenera kusamala kuti aguliretu,” akutero Valentina Bychkova.- Kotero, zofunsira ku nthambi za Rosselkhozcenter zopanga tizilombo zimatumizidwa miyezi ingapo isanayambe nyengo yaulimi.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito entomophages, - akuti Vitaly Novichkov, - kafukufuku wa mbewu ndi udindo kuti azindikire tizilombo - mwiniwake wa entomophage, kudziwa magawo a chitukuko chake ndi kuchuluka kwake. Chaka chilichonse, akatswiri azachuma panthambi amawunika malo olima ndikupanga ma phytomaps azinthu zovulaza. Chidziwitsochi chimalowetsedwa mu pulogalamu ya AgroExpert yopangidwa ndi eni eni eni eni, zomwe zimalola opanga kutenga njira zodzitetezera munthawi yake.
- Njira yachilengedwe yotetezera zomera ndizochitika zasayansi kwambiri zomwe zimafuna maphunziro apadera, - ndikukhulupirira Natalia Belyakova. - Masiku ano, akatswiri abwino akumaliza maphunziro awo ku Dipatimenti Yoteteza Zomera ku St. Petersburg Agrarian University. Ophunzira ake amaphunzira m'mafakitale ku sukulu yathu, chifukwa amamaliza maphunziro awo ku yunivesite monga akatswiri agronomists odziwa kale.
- Ntchitoyi imafuna luso lapadera, kulondola kwapadera komanso sikulekerera kunyalanyaza, - amavomereza Vasily Ptitsyn. - M'pofunika kudziwa nthawi yoyambitsa entomophages, mlingo wawo, dongosolo la kusinthana ndi njira zina zotetezera zomera. Sikuti famu iliyonse ili ndi katswiri yemwe ali ndi ziyeneretso zofunika. Chifukwa chake, kampani yathu imapatsa agrarians ntchito yonse: kuyambira pakuwunika mbewu ndi kugulitsa ma entomophages mpaka kumayambiriro awo komanso kuwunika kotsatira kwaukhondo.
В mitsuko yachikumbu
Oimira achikulire, omwe akhala akuchita ulimi kwa zaka zambiri, amadziwa okha njira zokopera tizilombo topindulitsa m'minda.
- Pofesa mbewu zokhala ndi timadzi tokoma zomwe zimatulutsa mungu wambiri ndi timadzi tokoma, mudzadzutsa chidwi pakati pa ma entomophages achilengedwe, amalangiza Natalia Belyakova. - Kuphatikizapo hymenoptera parasitoids, zomwe zingathandize kuchepetsa nsabwe za m'masamba.
- Alimi m'mayiko ambiri amayambitsa ma entomophages achilengedwe ndi manja, akuwonjezera Vasily Ptitsyn. - Inde, iyi ndi ntchito yolemetsa, yolungamitsidwa m'mafamu omwe amalima madera ang'onoang'ono. Ngati bizinesi ili ndi mahekitala mazana ambiri, ndizosatheka kugwiritsa ntchito biomethod popanda njira zaukadaulo.
Kuteteza kuchuluka kwa tizilombo, mawonekedwe apadera a minda amafunikira - otalikirapo kuti asafe atangokolola. Mwachitsanzo, kachikumbu kakang’ono kamene kamalephera kuuluka n’kosatheka kuti kafike m’mphepete mwa munda waukulu. Kuphatikiza apo, mbewu zaulimi ziyenera kusinthana ndi zomwe zimatchedwa mabanki a kachilomboka - mizere yosakanizidwa yamtunda pomwe entomophages amadikirira nthawi ya njala. Njira zoterezi ndizofunikira kuti zikhalebe mu agrocenosis mokwanira kuti zithetse tizirombo ndipo zimatha kuzizira kwambiri.
- Kukopa adani achilengedwe ndi ecoparasites, sikokwanira kugwira ntchito m'munda womwewo kapena famu, - akufotokoza mutu wa labotale yachitetezo chachilengedwe cha All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection. - Zambiri zimatengera malo aulimi omwe amazungulira mbewuzo. Kusunga zinthu zomwe zimathandizira kufalikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumafuna khama la mabungwe ambiri ndi akuluakulu aboma.
Chuma ndi chitetezo
Mchitidwe woyambitsa entomophages mu gawo laulimi la Russia ukufalikira, ngakhale pang'onopang'ono.
"Nyengo yatha tidagwira ntchito m'magawo 10 mdziko muno," akutero mkulu wa Fly and See Agro LLC. "Kwa makasitomala athu ambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowononga tizilombo kuyambira 95 mpaka 100 peresenti. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, adalandira zokolola zaulimi zamtundu wabwino, kuteteza kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe ndi mankhwala, kupulumutsa miyoyo ya njuchi ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ndipo ngati tiyerekeza ntchito yathu ndi mtengo wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndiye kuti ndalama zabizinesi zitha kufika 30-40 peresenti.
- The biomethod yotengera kugwiritsa ntchito entomophages polimbana ndi tizirombo ili ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu, - akuti Tatiana Kisheva. - Mu 2022, nthambi yathu idagulitsa Trichogramma biliyoni 1,35 ndi Gabrobracon 2,1 biliyoni. Mwachitsanzo, m'boma la Prokhladnensky la Republic of Kabardino-Balkar, chithandizo chamankhwala cholimbana ndi mphutsi za thonje chinathetsedwa pamalo a mahekitala chikwi chimodzi. Trichogram yomwe idatulutsidwa kale pa oviposition ya tizilombo idawonetsa mphamvu pafupifupi 70 peresenti.
- Chaka chatha, - amauza zomwe adakumana nazo Vitaly Novichkov, - akatswiri a nthambi ya Tatarstan adayambitsa trichogram yolimbana ndi tizirombo todya masamba pamalo opitilira mahekitala chikwi ndi nsabwe za nandolo pamtunda wa mahekitala 200 pa mbewu za mpiru, nkhuku, nandolo. ndi masika rapeseed. Ntchito motere idzapitirizidwa mu nyengo yatsopano.
“Tikalankhula za zotsatirapo zoipa za chilengedwe pakakhala tizilombo tambiri topindulitsa, ndiye kuti n’zotheka,” akuvomereza motero. Natalia Belyakova. Koma tizirombo tatsopano timapezeka nthawi zonse. Popeza sitingathe kuletsa kuwukira kwawo, tisamangogwiritsa ntchito ma entomophages, ngakhale atasintha mawonekedwe achilengedwe.
Irina Berg