Mbatata sikuti ndi gwero lazakudya zama carbohydrate kwa anthu, komanso gwero la wowuma pazinthu zambiri zamafakitale. Asayansi a A&M AgriLife ku Texas akuphunzira momwe angasinthire chiŵerengero cha mamolekyu awiri owuma mu mbatata - amylose ndi amylopectin - kuti awonjezere ntchito zophikira ndi mafakitale.
Mwachitsanzo, mbatata zokhala ndi amylopectin wambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga bioplastics, zowonjezera chakudya, zomatira, ndi mowa.
Mapepala awiri omwe adasindikizidwa posachedwapa mu International Journal of Molecular Sciences and Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture amafufuza momwe ukadaulo wa CRISPR ungathandizire kugwiritsa ntchito mbatata.
Mapepala onsewa akuphatikizapo ntchito yochitidwa ndi Stephanie Toinga, Ph.D., yemwe anali wophunzira womaliza maphunziro awo mu labotale ya Kirti Rathor, Ph.D., AgriLife Plant Biotechnologist ku Texas A&M Plant Genomics and Biotechnology Institute ndi Department of Soils. Wolemba nawonso mapepala onsewa anali Isabelle Weils, Ph.D., woweta mbatata ku AgriLife Research ku Texas A&M Department of Horticultural Science.
"Chidziwitso ndi chidziwitso chomwe tapeza kuchokera ku maphunziro awiriwa zidzatithandiza kufotokoza makhalidwe ena ofunikira muzomera zofunika kwambiri," adatero Rathor.
Mbatata Zowona
Mbatata imabzalidwa m'maiko opitilira 160 pa maekala 40,8 miliyoni ndipo ndi chakudya chofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu opitilira biliyoni.
Mbatata yapakatikati imakhala ndi zopatsa mphamvu za 160, zomwe zimachokera ku wowuma, Rathor akuti, chifukwa chake ma tubers ndi gwero lofunikira lamphamvu kwa anthu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Mbatata imakhalanso ndi zakudya zina zofunika, kuphatikizapo mavitamini ndi mchere.
Wowuma ndi wofunikira kwambiri pazakudya komanso m'mafakitale.
Kuchuluka kwa wowuma mu ma tubers a mbatata ndiye chinthu chachikulu pakuzindikira kugwiritsa ntchito mbatata.
Mbatata zowuma kwambiri nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakudya zosinthidwa monga zokazinga za ku France, tchipisi ndi mbatata zouma, akutero Wales.
Mbatata zotsika komanso zapakati nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwatsopano kapena ngati mbatata ya tebulo, akutero. Kuti mudye mwatsopano ma tubers, zinthu zina zofunika ndizo maonekedwe a tuber, kuphatikizapo maonekedwe a khungu, khungu, mtundu wa thupi, ndi mawonekedwe a tuber. Posachedwapa, mitundu yapadera ya mbatata yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yawonekera, monga khanda; okhala ndi khungu lofiira, lofiirira kapena lachikasu ndi mnofu zikukhala zotchuka chifukwa cha kukonzekera kwawo kosavuta komanso kuchuluka kwa zakudya.
Kuphatikiza apo, ethanol imatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku wowuma wa mbatata kwamafuta kapena zakumwa zoledzeretsa; biodegradable pulasitiki cholowa; kapena zomatira, zomangira, ma texturizing agents ndi fillers kwa mafakitale opanga mankhwala, nsalu, nkhuni ndi mapepala ndi magawo ena azachuma.
Kwa ntchito zamakampani, ndikofunikira kulingalira kuchuluka ndi mtundu wa wowuma mu mbatata.
Toinga amakhulupirira kuti ma amylopectin owuma kwambiri ndi abwino kwa chakudya ndi ntchito zina zamafakitale chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo apadera. Mwachitsanzo, zowuma zotere ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zolimbitsa thupi komanso zonenepa muzakudya komanso monga emulsifier muzovala za saladi. Chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwake kwa kuzizira, wowuma wa amylopectin amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzakudya zachisanu. Kuphatikiza apo, mbatata zokhala ndi wowuma wa amylopectin zimatulutsa mowa wambiri poyerekeza ndi mbatata ndi zowuma zina.
Ubwino Woswana Mbatata Ndi Wowuma Wosankhidwa
Toinga akuti kupanga mitundu ya mbatata yosinthidwa ndi wowuma kumatha kutsegulira mwayi watsopano. Mbatata yomwe ili ndi amylopectin yambiri komanso yotsika mu amylose, monga Yukon Gold yosinthidwa ndi jini yomwe adalongosola mu International Journal of Molecular Sciences, amagwiritsa ntchito mafakitale kuposa momwe amachitira kale.
Mosiyana ndi izi, mbatata yokhala ndi milingo yayikulu ya amylose komanso otsika amylopectin ingakhale yofunikira kuti anthu adye, adatero Wales. Amylose amachita ngati CHIKWANGWANI ndipo satulutsa shuga mosavuta ngati amylopectin, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti glycemic index ikhale yotsika ndikupangitsa mbatata kukhala yabwino kwa anthu odwala matenda ashuga.
CRISPR/Cas9 imapanga mwayi watsopano
Ukadaulo wa CRISPR/Cas9 wakulitsa bokosi lazida zomwe oweta amapeza ndipo akupereka njira zolunjika komanso zachangu zophatikizira zomwe mukufuna mumitundu yotchuka yazamalonda, zolemba za Weils. Kuweta kwachikhalidwe ndi njira yayitali yomwe imatha zaka 10-15.
Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa cha zovuta zamtundu wa mbatata, kupanga mitundu yatsopano yokhala ndi mikhalidwe yoyenera ndizovuta pakuswana wamba, adatero. Ukadaulo wa mamolekyu wawonjezera kuthekera kosankha, ndipo kusintha kwa majini pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa CRISPR/Cas9 kumawonjezera zovuta zina.
Mitundu yabwino ya Yukon Gold
Mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbatata yomwe idawunikidwa mu kafukufuku woyamba, Yukon Gold idapanganso zabwino kwambiri, motero idagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufuku wachiwiri. Chotsatira chake chinali mbatata yokhala ndi amylopectin wambiri komanso wochepa wa amylose mu wowuma.
"Chimodzi mwazomera zomwe zidagulidwa, T2-7, zidawonetsa kukula bwino komanso zokolola koma zidalibe amylose," adatero Toinga.
Tuber starch, T2-7, imakhala ndi ntchito zamafakitale m'mafakitale a mapepala ndi nsalu monga zomatira / zomangira, bioplastic, ndi kupanga ethanol. Tuber starch ya chitsanzo choyesera ichi, chifukwa cha kukana kuzizira ndi kusungunuka popanda kufunikira kwa kusintha kwa mankhwala, iyeneranso kukhala yothandiza popanga zakudya zachisanu. Mbatata yokhala ndi amylopectin monga mtundu wokhawo wa wowuma uyeneranso kutulutsa Mowa wambiri wogwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale kapena kupanga zakumwa zoledzeretsa.
Monga gawo lotsatira m'maphunzirowa, kulowa T2-7 kudadzipangira mungu ndikuwoloka ndi mtundu wopereka wa Yukon Gold ndi ma clones ena a mbatata kuti athetse zinthu zosasinthika.