Boris Anisimov: NDIMAKHALA NDI CHIYEMBEKEZO M'TSOGOLO LA MBATA WA KU RUSSIA!
Boris Vasilievich Anisimov ndi wasayansi wodziwika bwino waku Russia pantchito yoweta mbatata ndi kupanga mbewu, m'modzi mwa akatswiri olemekezeka kwambiri pantchitoyi.
Ali ndi ziphaso 18 za kukopera ndi ma patent pakupanga ndi kukwanitsa kusankha; ndiye wopanga ma projekiti 7 aboma, mayiko ndi mafakitale a mbatata yambewu, wolemba zofalitsa zopitilira 200. Mu 1999 adasankhidwa kukhala membala wathunthu wa Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (RANS). Anapatsidwa mendulo ya siliva yachikumbutso. N.I. Vavilov (2003). Anapatsidwa maudindo "Wolemekezeka Wogwira Ntchito ku Russia Agroindustrial Complex" ndi "Wolemekezeka Wogwira Ntchito zaulimi wa Republic of North Ossetia-Alania".
Kwa zaka zambiri wakhala wogwira ntchito ku Federal Research Center im. A.G. Lokha. M'zaka za zana la bungwe la sayansi, tinapempha Boris Vasilyevich kuti agawane ndi owerenga magazini tsatanetsatane wa njira yake mu sayansi.
- Boris Vasilievich, zidachitika bwanji kuti mulumikizane ndi tsogolo lanu ndi ulimi?
- Ndinakulira ku Sakhalin, m'tauni yaing'ono ya Okha. Munali kuno m’zaka za m’ma 30 pamene makolo anga anatumizidwa kukakhalanso m’chigawo cha Penza.
Nditamaliza sukulu, makolo anga ananditumiza ku “kumtunda” kuti ndikapite ku koleji. Chotero mu June 1954 ndinapita ndi azakhali anga ku Stavropol ndipo ndinayamba kukonzekera kuloŵa ku Stavropol Agricultural Institute.
Kodi uku kunali kusankha mwadala ntchito yanu yamtsogolo? Mosakayika ayi. Panali mayunivesite atatu ku Stavropol: zachipatala (zolemekezeka kwambiri), zamaphunziro ndi zaulimi. Mpikisano wochepa kwambiri unali wa agronomic agronomic Institute of Agriculture - anthu 9 pa malo. Ndipo ndinapita "kwa agronomists". Koma ndikhoza kunena kuti ndinali wolondola: Stavropol Agricultural Institute inalinso yotchuka m'zaka zimenezo chifukwa cha miyambo yake yakale, asayansi odziwika bwino a zaulimi omwe amatsogolera madipatimenti akuluakulu apadera ku agronomic faculty. Komanso, Stavropol Territory anali agrarian kwambiri.
- Kodi mudayamba kukonda mbatata pamaphunziro anu?
- Ayi, pambuyo pake. Ndi nkhani yayitali ngakhale. Nditalandira dipuloma, ananditumiza ku Kalmykia. Kumeneko ndinagwira ntchito kwa nthawi ndithu monga mkulu wa gulu loteteza zomera la Sarpinsky interdistrict.
Ndimakumbukira ma steppes osatha, "mkuntho wakuda" m'nyengo ya mphepo yamkuntho, zigwa zomwe zimakhala ndi mabango, pomwe dzombe lalikulu linatuluka ndikupangidwa. Kwa zaka zitatu ntchito yanga inali yokonzekera nkhondo yolimbana ndi dzombe, makoswe onga mbewa, gophers, omwe anali ochuluka kwambiri panthawiyo. Ndiyeno zinachitika kuti ndinapita ku dera la Pskov, ku Velikie Luki Agricultural Institute kuti ndikaphunzire maphunziro apamwamba ndi luso lakuya la chitetezo cha zomera. Atalandira dipuloma yake, anakhala wothandizira pa dipatimenti ya zaulimi ambiri ndi kukula zomera Velikie Luki ulimi Institute, anaphunzitsa ophunzira a chomera chitetezo mphamvu maphunziro ambiri ulimi ndi ntchito udindo umenewu kwa zaka zisanu.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, adachita kafukufuku pansi pa pulogalamu yomwe adagwirizana ndi VIZR, ndipo adakonza zokonzekera zolemba zotsutsana ndi namsongole mu mbewu za shuga ndi chakudya cha beets. Koma posakhalitsa mafashoni kulima shuga beet anadutsa, makamaka chifukwa cha zinthu za North-West dera la mafakitale kupanga mbewu imeneyi ndipo sakanakhoza kukhalapo. Choncho, dissertation sichinachitike. Kenako ine ndi mkazi wanga (anagwira ntchito mu dipatimenti yopanga mbewu) tinaganiza zolowa nawo maphunziro anthawi zonse ku Institute of Potato Economy (IKH). Panthawiyo tinali kale ndi zaka 28.
Pa maphunziro anga apamwamba (1967-1969), mkati mwa dongosolo langa la maphunziro apamwamba lovomerezedwa ndi Academic Council, ndinachita kafukufuku wa biochemical ndi chidwi chachikulu mu Dipatimenti ya Physiology ndi Biochemistry motsogoleredwa ndi wasayansi wotchuka, Doctor of Biological Sciences. David Vladimirovich Lipets. Panthawiyo anali kugwira ntchito m'munda wa biochemistry wa chitetezo chamthupi cha mbatata, ndipo kenako ndimakhala wonyadira kuti ndili kusukulu yake yasayansi.
Kodi zolinga zakusintha kwakukulu pazantchito zanga zasayansi zinali zotani? Zoona zake n’zakuti nditamaliza maphunziro anga omaliza maphunziro anga ndi kuteteza bwino kabuku kanga, ndinatumizidwa ku siteshoni yoyeserera ya Ulyanovsk ya NIIKH, komwe ndidatenga udindo wa wachiwiri kwa director pa ntchito ya sayansi. Pa siteshoni, ntchito yayikulu komanso yopambana idachitika pakusankha ndi kupanga mbewu zoyambirira za mitundu yoyambirira ya Volzhanin, Volzhsky, Ulyanovsky, yopangidwa ndi woweta wotchuka Lezhepekov chifukwa cha dera la Middle Volga. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ndinayamba mwaukadaulo kuchita kuswana mbatata ndi kupanga mbewu.
- Ndipo kenako anapitiriza ntchito imeneyi ngati wantchito wa Institute of Potato Economy?
Inde, kumapeto kwa 1972 ndinabwerera ku bungweli ndipo posakhalitsa ndinasankhidwa kukhala mkulu wa dipatimenti yopanga mbewu, ndiyeno wachiwiri kwa mkulu wa bungweli ndi udindo wa chitukuko cha kafukufuku wa sayansi ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa dongosolo lonse la Russia. kupanga mbeu ya mbatata.
- Zimadziwika kuti mudakumana ndi ntchito zakunja. Munapanga kulima mbatata ku Africa ...
M'masiku amenewo, atsogoleri achichepere adayikidwa mu nkhokwe ya dipatimenti yaulimi ya Komiti Yaikulu ya CPSU. Ndipo tsiku lina nkhokwe "kuwombera".
Ndinaitanidwa ndikuuzidwa, monga momwe zinalili nthawiyo: "Pali lingaliro lakutumiza kuti ukagwire ntchito kunja monga mkulu wa bungwe la sayansi yapadziko lonse la phytopathology, lomwe linapangidwa pamaziko a mgwirizano wapakati pa boma la USSR ndi dziko lotukuka la Africa. Ethiopia." M'malo mwake, inali likulu lamakono kwambiri (mwa njira, likadalipobe mpaka pano), lomwe lili ndi sayansi yaposachedwa ndiukadaulo.
Ife anapanga nazale wapadera chopereka, kumene ife inachitika kuwunika immunological mazana ndi masauzande accessions analandira pamaziko a mgwirizano mapangano ndi odziwika bwino malo kafukufuku mayiko magulu osiyanasiyana a mbewu, kuphatikizapo International Center for Mbatata (CIP, Peru), chimanga ndi tirigu (CIMIT, Mexico), pulses (ICARDO, Aleppo, Syria), ndi Plant Genetic Resources Center (PGRC, Germany) ku Addis Ababa.
Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri komanso chofunikira kwa ife chinali ntchito yokhudzana ndi kudzipatula kwa zikhalidwe zoyera za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso kafukufuku wamitundu yambiri ya mbatata mochedwa choipitsa, yomwe idapangidwa nthawi yamvula mumitundu yambiri ya mbewu za nightshade ndi zakuthengo. achibale kwa zaka mazana ambiri
kukula kwambiri m'dziko lonselo. Chofunikira kwambiri chinali chitukuko chathu pakufufuza matenda a dzimbiri a mbewu zambewu, septoria, bacteriosis ndi ma virus a phytopathogenic ku Central Africa.
- Ndipo mutatha ulendo wanu wamalonda ku Africa, kodi munakumananso ndi mavuto a sayansi ya dziko?
Kumapeto kwa 1986, ndinabwerera ku NIIKH ndikugwira ntchito ngati wachiwiri kwa director wamkulu wa bungwe lolima mbatata, wamkulu wa malo osankhidwa a VNIIKH.
Ndipo pamene kusintha kwakukulu kunayamba m'dzikolo pankhani yokonzanso ulimi wa mafakitale, ndinapatsidwa mwayi wopita ku Central Office ya Unduna wa Zaulimi ndi Chakudya monga wachiwiri kwa mutu wa Main Directorate of Plant Growing - mutu wa mbatata. ndi Dipatimenti Yolima Zomera mkati mwa Dipatimenti Yolima Zomera. Inali nthawi imeneyi, mothandizidwa ndi Unduna wa Zaulimi ku Russia, mapulogalamu asayansi ndiukadaulo komanso mabizinesi akuluakulu amderali kuti apititse patsogolo bizinesi yolima mbatata pakusintha kwachuma chamsika ku Russia agro. -Industrial complex idayambitsidwa ndikuyendetsedwa bwino.
- Ndi mapulojekiti ati a nthawi imeneyo omwe mumakumbukira kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri komanso osangalatsa?
t 1 Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti zotsatira zogwira ntchito panthawiyo zinapezedwa pokwaniritsa ntchito yomwe inayambitsidwa ndi A.M. Chuenko (JSC Doka, Zelenograd). Ntchitoyi inali ndi cholinga chopanga mafakitale opanga ma minituber opanda ma virus omwe amapangira mbewu zoyambirira za mbatata. Kupita patsogolo kwakukulu pakukula kwaukadaulo wamafakitale opanga mbatata kumadera aku Russia kudakwaniritsidwanso mkati mwa dongosolo lovomerezeka ndi Boma la Russia, lomwe linapangidwa ndi LLC Management and Production Systems (yotsogozedwa ndi LV). Orlova, Samara).
Sindingatchule pulojekiti yopanga mitundu ya mbatata yosinthidwa ma genetic yosagwirizana ndi kachilomboka ka mbatata ya Colorado pamaziko a Center for Bioengineering ya Russian Academy of Science motsogozedwa ndi Academician wa Russian Academy of Sciences K.G. Scriabin. Ndi kutengapo gawo kwa wolemba wanga, mitundu itatu idasamutsidwa kuti ikayesedwe ndi boma, yolembetsedwa mwalamulo ndikutetezedwa ndi ma patent ndi ziphaso za kukopera.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ntchito yapadziko lonse "Tassis", yoperekedwa ndi European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), idakhazikitsidwa bwino, mkati mwa ndondomeko yomwe ma laboratories anayi ozindikira matenda adalengedwa ndikukhala ndi zida m'madera a Moscow, Leningrad, Samara. ndi Udmurt Republic. Mu ntchitoyi, ndinakhala ngati katswiri wochokera ku Russia.
- Koma gawo lotsatira la yonena akadali ntchito sayansi?
Mu 2004, ndinakhala Wachiwiri kwa Director of Researching ku NIIKH ndipo ndinagwira ntchito imeneyi kwa zaka zoposa khumi (mpaka 2016). nthawi yonseyi Institute anali motsogoleredwa ndi Evgeny Alekseevich Simakov.
Kenako adakwanitsa kuphatikiza khama la akatswiri a chibadwa komanso obereketsa otsogola (I.M. Yashina, N.P. Sklyarova, Kh.Kh. Apshev, A.A. Meleshin, A.A. Mityushkin, A.A. Zhuravlev, V.A. Zharova, S. Kirsanov, VA Biryukova, ndi ena) kupita patsogolo pakupanga mitundu yatsopano yodalirika yogwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana, yokhala ndi mikhalidwe yothandiza pazachuma, kuchuluka kwa ogula komanso kuthekera kosiyanasiyana kosinthira kumadera aku Russia.
Ndichiyamikiro chachikulu kuti panthawi yomwe timagwira ntchito limodzi ndi E.A. Simakov ndi anzake, ndinali ndi mwayi kutenga nawo mbali pakupanga kwa wolemba mitundu yatsopano yodalirika ya Violet (2014), Fritella (2016), Gulliver (2019), Sineglazka (2019), Sadon (2019), ndi zina zotero.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, khama langa lalikulu ndiye linali lolunjika pa chitukuko ndi kuwongolera kachitidwe ka mbeu. Magawo ofunikira kwambiri pakufufuza anali: Kupanga matekinoloje opambana kwambiri opezera ndi clonal micropropagation ya zinthu zoyambira mu vitro ndikupanga Bank of Health Potato mitundu (BZSK) (mogwirizana kwambiri ndi E.V. Oves ndi anzawo ena). Chisamaliro chinaperekedwa ku chitukuko cha umisiri chikhalidwe ndi zina kwa kukula minitubers (olowa ntchito ndi O. Khutinaev), chitukuko cha umisiri nzeru zothandizira kuswana, otchedwa chisanadze zosiyanasiyana (analonjeza hybrids anasamutsidwa ku Mayesero Boma), komanso kukulitsa kupanga mbewu zoyambilira ndi machitidwe ogwira mtima owongolera ndi kutsimikizira mbeu za mbatata mogwirizana ndi V.N. Zeyruk (dipatimenti yoteteza), A.I. Uskov, Yu.A. Varitsev (Dipatimenti ya Biotechnology ndi Immunodiagnostics), S.M. Yurlova ( labotale ya sayansi ya mbewu).
- Boris Vasilievich, akugwetseni pansi zotsatira zake, ndithudi, mofulumira. Komabe: mwafika patali, mwakwaniritsa zambiri. Kodi mwakhutitsidwa ndi zotsatira zomwe mwalandira?
Panali nthawi zambiri zabwino komanso zovuta zambiri m'moyo ndi ntchito. Koma m’banja mwathu si mwambo wokwiyitsa Mulungu kapena kudandaula za choikidwiratu.
Mfundo yathu yayikulu yotsimikizira moyo nthawi zonse yakhala mawu akuti: Osataya mtima! Osaweruza aliyense! Osakhumudwitsa aliyense! Ndipo nthawi zonse muzilemekeza ndi kulemekeza anthu amene timalankhula nawo.
Pakadali pano, ndikupitilizabe kugwira ntchito ngati mlangizi wa director wa A.G. Lorkh "SERGEY Valentinovich Zhevora, komanso mutu wa labotale ya mitundu identification ndi ine ndine mlangizi wa sayansi anzanga achinyamata Sergei Zebrin ndi Irina Gracheva, amene ife pamodzi kuchita kafukufuku phenotypic wa mitundu ndi zizindikiro zina khalidwe. za mbewu zoyambilira mwa njira yowongolera nthaka yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya minitubers, 1st field generation kuchokera ku minitubers, super-wapamwamba-osankhika a mitundu yatsopano ndi yodalirika, yopangidwa mu VNIIKH kuswana.
Ndili ndi chiyembekezo chokhudza tsogolo la mbatata yathu yaku Russia ndipo ndikukhulupirira kuti ntchito yanga pa chikhalidwe cha mbatata sinadutse popanda tsatanetsatane.