Svetlana Nekoval, wamkulu wa labotale
Kutenga kwa chibadwa cha phwetekere FGBNU VNIIBZR,
Wofufuza Wakale, Woyankha wa Sayansi ya Zamoyo
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Palibe amene amakayikira kufunika koteteza mbatata nthawi yomwe yabzala. Koma pokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwakukwera kochokera kumsika wazinthu zachilengedwe, zachilengedwe zotetezeka, alimi amayang'anizana ndi funso - momwe angatetezere mbatata: ndi mankhwala kapena njira yachilengedwe? M'zaka zaposachedwa, bizinesi yaulimi nthawi zambiri yakhala ikuwakomera kukonzekera kwachilengedwe ngati njira yothandizira mankhwala azitsamba.
Ogwira ntchito ku labotale yosungitsa chibadwa cha phwetekere ya Federal State Budgetary Science Science Institution VNIIBZR mu imodzi mwa mabizinesi azilimo m'boma la Kalininsky m'chigawo cha Krasnodar anachita kafukufuku waukadaulo wa momwe angatetezere mbatata panthaka pokonzekera kupanga LLC "Biotehagro" (Timashevsk).
Mbatata za Arrow zidabzalidwa ndi tepi ya mzere 2 pamizerembere itatu - kuwongolera, muyezo, kuyesera. Kutalika kwa chiwembu chilichonse chinali mikono 100.
Palibe zida zodzitetezera zomwe sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito pazolamulira. Pa chiwembu cha "etalon", njira yoteteza yomwe idakhazikitsidwa pafamuyi idayikidwa (akukonzekera Celest TOP, KS; Ridomil Gold MC, VDG; Thanos, VDG). Pa chiwembu cha "zomwe ndakumana nazo", zida zachilengedwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito: Geostim, F; BSka-3, F; BFTIM KS-2, Zh; Insetim, J.
Magawo onse oyesera anakwaniritsa zofunikira zonse (dothi homogeneity potengera chonde). M'mitundu yonse yoyesera, mbatata za mbatata zidabzala pa Marichi 6, 2020.
Pamaso, kubzala usanachitike dothi la "kuyeserera" kunachitika ndi kukonzekera kwa Geostim ndi kuchuluka kwa 1 l / ha.
Panthawi yoyesedwa, zotsatirazi zidachitika: kusanthula kwamtundu wa nthaka, kuwunika kwa mbewu, kuyang'anitsitsa mbeu za mbatata, kuwerengetsa zitsanzo zamasamba kuti tidziwe etiology.
Kuti mudziwe zamtundu wanthaka kuchokera pamalo oyeserera mchaka, asanayambike kukonzekera kwa "Biotechagro" ndipo atagwiritsa ntchito njira yoteteza, zitsanzo za nthaka zidatengedwa molingana ndi njira. Chifukwa cha kusanthula kwa mycological samples nthaka, ma micromycetes okhala ndi ma trophic osiyana adasiyanitsidwa ndikuzindikiridwa (Table 1).
Gome 1 - Zotsatira za kusanthula kwa mycological samples nthaka mu 2020
m'munda | CFU ya bowa, zidutswa chikwi mu gramu imodzi ya dothi louma kwathunthu | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Penicillium spp. | Aspergillus spp. | Trichoderma spp. | Fusarium spp. | Njira ina. | |
Asanayambitsidwe kwa mankhwala a LLC "Biotehagro" 27.02.2020/XNUMX/XNUMX | 0.4 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
Pambuyo poyambitsa kukonzekera Biotehagro LLC 08.06.2020/XNUMX/XNUMX | 0.1 | 0.45 | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0 |
Pakusanthula kwa nthaka, magulu awiri a micromycetes adayesedwa ndi kuzindikiridwa. Gulu la pathogenic limayimiriridwa ndi bowa wa mtundu fusarium spp. NDIPO Njira ina spp. Gulu la saprotrophic la bowa tating'onoting'ono timayimiridwa ndi kudzipatula kwa bowa wamtunduwu Trichoderma, Penicillium и Aspergillus.
Mukusiyanasiyana pambuyo pakugwiritsa ntchito kwachilengedwe kwa kampani ya Biotehagro, kuchepa kwa CFU kwa bowa kumadziwika Penicillium, Aspergillus, komanso kusakhalapo kwathunthu kwa r. Njira ina... Kuphatikiza apo, mchitsanzo ichi, kuwonjezeka kwa bowa la r. Matendawa ndi bowa wambiri p. fusarium.
Malinga ndi zotsatira za kusanthula kwachilengedwe m'nthaka, ndikotheka kudziwa kusintha kwamphamvu kwa bowa wamtsinje. Matenda, Komabe, izi sizokwanira kungonena za dothi lokhazikika, popeza kuchuluka kwa bowa mumtsinje. Penicillium, Aspergillus и Matendawa (1: 1: 3). Kugwiritsanso ntchito kwa Geostim kunthaka ndikulimbikitsidwa.
Pazosintha ndi zotetezera kampani ya Biotehagro, tubers mbatata adathandizidwa ndi kukonzekera kwa BSka-3 ndikugwiritsa ntchito 4 l / t musanabzike. Kubzala kunachitidwa ndi mbozi thirakitara KhTZ-181 (mkuyu. 2,3).
Mosiyana ndi njira yotetezera munda, ma tubers a mbatata adathandizidwa ndi Celest TOP, KS asanabzale. Mbatata nazonso zidabzalidwa ndi thalakitala wa mbozi.
Miyezi iwiri mutabzala tubers - 11.05.2020/15/20, pomwe mbewuzo zidafika kutalika kwa 3-10 cm, mosiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoteteza Biotechagro, mbewu zazing'ono za prophylaxis zidapopera ndi kukonzekera kwa BFTIM (XNUMX l / ha) - motsutsana ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. Mobwerezabwereza mankhwala ndi mankhwala kwachilengedwenso zinachitika pambuyo masiku XNUMX.
Pazosiyana ndi chitetezo cha famuyo, miyezi iwiri mutabzala tubers, njira zotetezera zinachitika ndi Ridomil Gold MC, EDH ngati prophylaxis.
Pa nthawi ya kuyang'anira mbatata, tizirombo ndi matenda a phytopathogenic sizinawonedwe (mkuyu. 4).
Patadutsa masiku 10 chithandiziro choyambirira (21.05), zotsatira zowerengera ndalama zinawonetsa kuti zinthu zomwe zimapangidwira chidwi zimapangitsa kukula kwa mbatata biomass, poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera, kutalika kwa mbewuyo kunakhala kotalika 3,4 masentimita.Posiyana ndi kutetezedwa kwa famu (kutanthauza), mitengo yakukula kwa mbewu inali ndi kusiyana pang'ono ( 0,6 cm more) mogwirizana ndi kachitidwe ka chitetezo ndi zinthu zachilengedwe.
Chiwerengero cha mbewu pa 1 mita2 m'mitundu mitundu yonse yoyeserayi inali yofanana, komabe kuchuluka kwa zimayambira pakusiyana ndi kubadwa kwachilengedwe kunali 3 zina. poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera, ndi 1 pc. koposa mtundu wamafotokozedwe.
Mutatha kukolola (Juni 15.06), ogwira ntchito ku labotale adatsimikiza mphamvu ya zinthu zoyesedwa zachilengedwe pamapangidwe a mbewuyo, zokolola za mbatata pa hekitala iliyonse, komanso zisonyezo za mbewuyo.
Malinga ndi kumaliza kwawo, kuchuluka kwa zigawo za mbatata zapakatikati ndi zazikulu (zazakudya) zinapezedwa mosiyanasiyana ndi chitetezo cha Biotechagro. Zilonda za gawo labwino kwambiri mosinthika ndi biosecurity zidali zochepa poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera komanso zina ziwiri zofanana ndi muyezo, komabe, mbatata yonse ya zigawo zabwino za biotechagro idakwera kwambiri. Kulemera kwa tuber mu biosecurity kunasiyanasiyana 1 mpaka 2 magalamu.
Mkuyu. 5. Chiwerengero cha tubers cha mbatata mu ulamuliro (a) komanso mosiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito chitetezo cha "Biotechagro" (b) Chith. 6. Tuber unyinji wa kachigawo kakang'ono kuchokera pazosiyanasiyana ndi pulogalamu yoteteza kwachilengedwe
Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe kunathandizira kuti zokolola za mbatata zichitike kuchokera pa mahekitala 1 (Table 2).
Gome 2. Kuchita bwino kwachuma kwa mbatata ya Arrow mukawerengera zokolola, 2020
Zosankha | Kupanga, c / ha | Kuchuluka kwa zokolola, c / ha |
Kulamulira | 78 | - |
zinachitikira | 235,3 | 157,3 |
Zoyimira | 206 | 128 |
NDS 0,5 | 6,4 | - |
Zokolola zochulukirapo zinaonedwa mosiyanako ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kukonzekera kwachilengedwenso, kumene kuwonjezeka kunali 157,3 c / ha mokhudzana ndi kuwongolera. M'mawonekedwe, chiwonetserochi chinali 128,0 c / ha, zomwe ndizochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zomwe amapeza patsamba lakutetezedwa kwachilengedwe, ndi 29,3 c / ha.
Kuyesa mtundu wamalonda ndikumveketsa kukoma kwa mbatata, zitsanzo za tubers 10 zamalonda, zotengera zamtunduwu, zidatengedwa.
Zotsatira zake, akatswiriwa adatulutsa mitundu yonse yazovomerezeka kukhala zabwino komanso zapamwamba kwambiri.
Pa kafukufukuyu, zomwe zili mu wowuma, vitamini C, nayitrogeni wa nitrate mu tubers za mbatata wamkulu adatsimikizika (Table 3).
Gome 3. Zokhala ndi wowuma, vitamini C, nayitrogeni wa nitrogen mu Arrow mbatata ya mbatata
Zosankha | Nitrate nayitrogeni, mg / kg | Zolemba za Vitamini C, mg / 100 g zopangira | Zowuma,% |
Kulamulira | 118 | 4,4 | 20,8 |
zinachitikira | 138 | 9,3 | 21,3 |
Zoyimira | 187 | 7,9 | 21,2 |
NDS 0,5 | 9,5 | 6,4 | 11,0 |
Mtengo wazinthu zoteteza mbatata pamitengo yomwe ilipo pamsika munthawi ya mayeso wafotokozedwa mwachidule. 4.
Tebulo 4. Mtengo wazinthu zoteteza mbatata
Kukonzekera LLC "Biotehagro" | Kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa, l / ha | Kukonzekera mu "etalon" kachitetezo kaulimi | Kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa, l / ha | ||
Geostim | 1 | Celeste TOP, KS | 0,4 | ||
Zosangalatsa | 4 | Ridomil Golide MC, VDG | 5 | ||
BFTIM | 6 | Thanos, EDC | 1,2 | ||
BSka-3 | 4 | - | - | ||
Kuchokera pagome lomwe likuperekedwa, titha kunena kuti njira yachilengedwe yoteteza mbatata ya Arrow ndiyopindulitsa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mankhwala (muyezo), popeza mitengo yodzitchinjiriza ndiyotsika ndi 14247,8 rubles / ha, ndipo zokolola ndizokwera ndi 29,3 c / ha.
Poganizira kuti mtengo wa mbatata zazing'ono mu June, pafupifupi, ndi ma ruble 17 / kg, kuchuluka kwa zokolola pamunda woyeserera poyerekeza ndi muyezo kudzakweza ndalama zonse pa hekita lililonse ndi ma ruble 49810.
Mayeso omwe adachitika awonetsa kuti kuteteza mbatata kwachilengedwe ndizotsika mtengo kuposa kutetezedwa ndi mankhwala: ndi ma ruble 64058 pa hekitala iliyonse, ndipo izi sizoganizira kutsika kwa kuchuluka kwa anthropogenic panthaka, chilengedwe, kuphatikiza anthu.
Pa Ufulu Wotsatsa